In recent years the Kazan Anatomical Institute has suffered because of the lack of sufficient cadaveric material. For example, in the current academic year only 20 entire adult corpses were delivered to the Institute, which were barely enough for practical classes with students, and the teaching staff could not get a single corpse for research work. This shortage forces us, the staff of the Institute, to engage in journeys to sections of the departments of forensic medicine and pathological anatomy in order to obtain there organs: either intestines, or kidneys, or other parts necessary for work or for the museum. Of course, we try to make 100% use of the material we obtain in this way, just as we do with children's cadavers.

As is well known, Th. Addison in his famous book calls the symptom complex resulting from the disease of the adrenal glands "idiopathic anemia", because one of its main: symptoms is, as Addison himself puts it, "depletion of blood". Subsequently, various other authors have found that in this case there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells, sometimes reaching a very significant degree.

Large city statistics show an infection rate of nearly 100 percent for children, but not more than 15 percent of them die. Apparently, these 15% are susceptible to TB, while the majority remain latent or are cured of the infection. It is also very common to find cases when, in spite of the most favorable conditions for infection (living together with a person with TB in the same room, working together with them, etc.), people do not become ill with active TB disease. The old authors have long said that a special predisposition is necessary to become ill with tuberculosis. With the discovery of Koch and later with the work of Cornet this question was temporarily obscured, but soon Virchow and many other authors, especially French, began again to point to the enormous role of individual characteristics of the body in the incidence of tuberculosis.

The twofold study with histamine performed here yielded exactly the same results: absence of juice on an empty stomach, separation of viscous mucus after injection of 1 mg of histamine with the largest amount in the II portion (20 cc), complete absence of HCI and pepsin. It is possible that here, along with bocalytic cells quite adapted to mucus separation, we had an imperfect or even completely undeveloped apparatus for HCI and pepsin production.

Diagnosis of perforative ulcers of the stomach and duodenum in typical, trivial cases, delivered at an early stage, is relatively easy: The ulcerous history, the sudden pain of an acute, twitching nature, mainly in the epigastrii, the sharply pronounced tension of the abdominal muscles,-mainly the rectus muscle on the right side, with the absence of breathing movements of the abdominal muscles (Breehe), all this gives an extremely typical picture, allowing a diagnosis of perforation to be made with certainty. This very picture was expressed in two of our patients, one of whom was in the clinic, was preparing for surgery for a gastric ulcer with a verified diagnosis and gave a picture of perforation the day before surgery; the other patient was in the Therapeutic Clinic with a diagnosis of ulcer and during the probe examination he felt sharp pain in the right abdomen, after which he had a plank-like muscle tension.

According to Sänger, desmoid tumors of the anterior abdominal wall should be understood as all tumors of the connective tissue type originating from the muscular-aponeurotic layer of the abdominal wall, without distinguishing their histological structure and clinical properties. There is an extensive material on this subject in the foreign literature, especially the work of Pfeiffer, covering 400 cases, and Klot, covering 500 cases of this kind of tumors, deserve attention. Among Russian authors, the most extensive statistics on desmoid tumors was given by Prof. G.F. Pisemsky, who collected 550 cases of desmoid tumors from foreign and Russian literature, including his own 9. Comparative rarity of this disease and scarcity of Russian literature on the subject allow me to report cases of desmoid of anterior abdominal wall, observed in Kazan Obstetrical Gynecological Clinic from 1903 to 1927 and operated on by Prof. V.S.Gruzdev.

Since Halsted, in 1884, "initiated a therapeutic method of reinfusion of one's own blood (after blood citration) for a number of diseases" (N.V. Sokolov), autologemotherapy, having undergone various modifications both in the way of application and in indications and contraindications, has taken a place of honor among other treatment methods. Autochemotherapy, as an independent or sub-method of treatment, has been and is used by many medical specialties. This method of treatment, fascinating in its simplicity and sometimes brilliant in its effect, could not, of course, go unnoticed by representatives of obstetrics and gynecology.

Since the discovery of Bordet and Gengou, a new therapeutic agent-vaccine-appears in the treatment of pertussis. The first attempts at vaccine therapy for the disease date back to 1913. Since then, various types of vaccines have been used to treat pertussis: A vaccine of pure cultures of Bordet and Gengou bacilli, a vaccine of pertussis bacteria with Influenza bacilli, a group vaccine consisting of various microbes isolated from the sputum of patients (this type of vaccine was used by Peterson and Smelli, who obtained little results from it); finally, in a period of doubt about the specificity of Bordet and Gengou, a vaccine prepared from the sputum of pertussis patients was used. Kraus (1916) and Savini (1922), who used such a vaccine, report good results of treatment with it. Most authors, however, have used a vaccine prepared from Bordet and Gengou bacilli.

The diagnosis of bladder and urinary disorders due to diseases of the nervous system is not difficult in cases with clearly defined symptoms of nervous system disorders. In the initial stages of spinal cord disease, however, these symptoms may be so obscure that when examined, especially by a layman, they may go unrecognized. In these cases, any sign that may indicate the presence of nervous system suffering and thereby establish the cause of bladder disease and urinary disorders is of great diagnostic value.

Salvarsan, introduced by Ehrlich in the therapy of syphilis, has revolutionized this field. This substance is known to have a strong spirillocidal effect, which is especially clear in vitro and in animal experiments. However, the use of salvarsan in humans was not as simple as in experimental animals, for clinical observations have shown that a single infusion of it is not enough - this on the one hand, and on the other hand - that its combination with other antisyphilitic agents is necessary. The best such combination is the combination of salvarsan with mercury, but even this combination has not proved to be quite effective, since some patients after its use began to show the side effects of mercury poisoning. These circumstances have forced researchers to look for new anti-syphilitic agents, which on the one hand would be effective against lues, and on the other hand, would be well tolerated by patients.

Every dermatologist who has seen lupus erythematodes localized on the scalp has been struck by the fact that the scars left by lupus erythematodes on the scalp are deeper than those left on the face, and these latter, especially those located near the nose, are in turn deeper than those left on any other part of the body. This involuntarily brings to mind another skin affliction, favus, which also leaves deep marks on the scalp and almost no marks in those cases where scabs are localized on the body.

Biochemical structure of the leprosy process is primarily characterized by a change in the ratio of the two major protein fractions of blood-albumin and globulin. It is intoxication and increased cellular decay in the body that in this disease entails a decrease in colloidal stability of serum and accumulation of globulins at the expense of albumin.

Social psychiatry is a new, little-known branch of psychiatry, which has as its subject the study and explanation of the phenomena of social life from a psychiatric point of view. This does not mean, however, that it has no points of contact with clinical psychiatry. Kraepelin, who was the first to speak of social psychiatry, started from the mentally ill person, studying the question of the effect on the person's psyche of his alienation from the natural environment and from the conditions of life with which he has been fused in body and soul for many years. In this particular case of social psychiatry, Kraepelin notes that we are opening the door to a vast new discipline, the full extent and significance of which we can only anticipate rather than know. Indeed, Kraepelin's premonition that we are dealing in social psychiatry with a very important and extensive branch of human knowledge that will help us solve the problems of social life soon proved true. The role of social psychiatry in modern life is well established, and without it is almost impossible to solve the problems of social life.

Based on his own clinical observations and literature data, the author points out that in cases of tetanus, lumbar or sacral anesthesia gives in a few hours disappearance of immobility of the lower extremities, abdominal and spinal muscles.

The author reports favorable results he obtained from the use of recalcitrant serum in measles. 

The author suggests as such a mixture of equal parts of red methylene dye (Methylrot) and methylene blue in an alcoholic solution (0.5 per 1000.0 alcohol); this mixture in an acidic solution has a blue color, and in an alkaline solution is green.

The authors were convinced by experiments that this disease is not transmitted by the bite of a bedbug infected with recurrens.

The author successfully fights arhythmia perpetua with quinidine, obtaining elimination of its seizures in 1/4 of cases. Treatment with quinidine should always be preceded by administration of foxglove, and quinidine is given only when the latter has eliminated the decompensation, otherwise there may be dangers: embolism, heart paralysis, general deterioration.

During 3¹/₂ years, the author found 6 echinococci in 2279 primary lung diseases using X-rays. In all cases, the onset of the disease was imperceptible, clinical phenomena were weak, and recognition was aided by X-rays and confirmed by serum testing.

Based on his research, the author concludes that paraffin does not have the lubricating or glide-enhancing effect on the contents of the intestinal tube that is usually attributed to it. It has the effect of altering the consistency, increasing the fluid and water content.

The author tried the garlic preparation allizatin in 50 cases of acute and subacute intestinal catarrhs, mainly enteritis and enterocolitis. In most cases, already after the first intake (two tablets 3-4 times a day) the undoubted intestinal soothing effect of the remedy was noticed; the number of bowel movements decreased and their consistency became normal usually already after 2 days. A rapid restoration of appetite was also noticeable.

The author, contrary to the English authors, who from colloidal lead saw 15% cure of non-surgical cancer, reports very disappointing results obtained in the Berlin Hufeland-Hospital'e: of 14 cases (8 cases of uterine cancer, 4 breast, 2 skin) success was not obtained in none.

The author saw a very favorable effect of garlic preparations (allizatin) especially for hypertension in younger people not so much in the sense of lowering blood pressure, but in the sense of raising sub-activity.

The author informs that out of 1298 cases, admitted to the Zurich Surgical Clinic during the last 5 years with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, in 252 (20%) the recognition proved to be erroneous. In ³/₄ of these latter cases the diagnosis was corrected by investigation before the operation and in ¹/₄ the diagnosis was discovered only during the operation.

The author recommended bilateral paravertebral anesthesia with novocaine for I, II, III and IV spinal segments at a meeting of the Association of Physicians in Budapest (October 22, 1927). In some cases the author obtained good results.

Experimental studies by mostly American authors have shown that infusion of hypertonic NaCl solution into animals with intestinal obstruction can prolong animal life up to 28-30 days. Based on these data, Proff. Gosset and Binet and Dr. Petit-Dutaillis used infusion of this solution in 2 cases, in one of which the patient, after surgical removal of the obstruction, threatened death from the strongest intoxication, intravenous injection of 10% NaCl solution led to his real "resurrection", and in another the phenomena of intoxication were prevented by using NaCl from the first day. 

Based on the fact of self-oxidation of ethyl ether, the products of which are, acetic aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide, ethyl, dioxyethyl and diethylidene, and inevitably associated with this phenomenon rejection of ether pro narcosi, Ya.Kh. Nolle set a series of experiments on isolated: hearts of cold and warm blooded animals in order to clarify the toxicity of these products and the order of their formation.

The author draws attention to the importance of mental preparation of the patient before and after surgery. It is also necessary to take care of a good ventilation of the lungs after each anesthesia. We should not forget about the possibility of late asphyxia. Those who have not recovered from anesthesia should be in a horizontal position, but thereafter an elevated position is desirable for better expectoration. The operated organ should be laid to rest. A good preventive measure against postoperative pneumonia and thrombosis is breathing exercises, passive and active movements of the limbs and massage.

The author successfully uses the following method of alveolar pyorrhea treatment: first, in 2 - 3 sessions, careful removal of tartar is made; then the gum pockets are cauterized with 50% lactic acid solution (with subsequent neutralization with bicarbonate of soda), and 25% chromic acid solution; after that the pockets are washed with 12:100 Ipekakuan infusion; finally, pure culture of bacillus in milk is introduced.

The author reviews the material of habitual patellar dislocations that passed through Lexer's clinic over 2 years. All cases were operated according to Whitelock's method: a skin incision is made along the medial surface of the knee joint; the distal tendon end of m. gracilis is separated from its attachment, passed under m. sartorius and sutured to lig. patellare. The author saw good long-term results in all cases.

The author has performed this operation in 40 patients with lower limb paralysis over the last 5 years, with consistently good results. The operation is intended to replace the paralyzed gluteal muscles, provided the m. tensor f. latae retains its function.

The author cites the case of a 70-year-old patient who, after a head-down fall from a ladder, was found on fluoroscopy to have a fracture of the posterior arch of the atlantum with a slight displacement; the patient was discharged after 26 days without any special treatment.

The author performed experiments with Achilles tendon resection in dogs, and it turned out that in those cases where the tendon sheath was preserved, the defect was repaired by tendon regeneration. In contrast, in the absence of the tendon sheath, the defect was replaced by connective tissue.

In most cases of spinal injury there is a homogeneous disorder, the origin of which Schanz explains by comparing the spine to a tube filled with a viscous fluid. If an injury affects the wall of this tube, then, due to pressure, a wave is generated in its contents, spreading to both ends of the tube; if the height of this wave exceeds a certain value, the contents of the tube are injured; the tube itself is also damaged at the point where the rounded top of the wave touches it.

To test corneal sensitivity, Prof. Sommerg recommends the following procedure: make the patient look slightly upwards with the eyes closed and simultaneously palpate the corneas through the closed eyelids with the tips of the index fingers or little fingers, applying as much equal pressure as possible. If one of the corneas appears to be more sensitive, sliding the finger along the convexity of the eyelid can immediately approximate the location of this sensitivity.

Based on anatomical studies, the author concludes that in tabial optic atrophy, spirochaete endotoxins initially cause disruption of not only marginal but also parenchymatous glia bundles: a secondary consequence is a nutritional disorder of the underlying nerve fibers, which through this undergo degeneration to their final decay.

Helmholtz also pointed out the interesting fact that visually impaired people, especially presbyopes, can often see clearly and even read without glasses if they look through a small hole or slit. But this indication has somehow gone unnoticed, and now the author finds it useful to recall it.

In severe cases of inflammatory glaucoma, when medication fails to lower the intraocular pressure, Safar suggests basal iridectomy, preferring it both to wide total iridectomy, because of the danger in the latter of expressive bleeding, spontaneous lens prolapse and vitreous loss, and Elliot's sclera trepanation, because of the possibility of late infection.

The pituitary gland was illuminated on both sides 1/4-1/3 HED with a 0.5 mm filter. Cu + l mm. Al. In cases of hypertrophy of the thyroid gland 1/4 HED was given to its area. Sessions were repeated after 3 weeks. In all but 2 cases of premature menopause, the author obtained good results after all other treatments had failed.

The author reports the results of radiotherapy for vaginal cancers, the incidence of which does not exceed 2% among other cancers of the genital sphere. A total of 21 cases were treated. In most cases they were squamous-epithelial cancers located in the posterior fornix of the sleeve; sometimes it was difficult to distinguish them from secondary cancers transferred from the portio. Most often, primary cancers of the sleeve occurred between the ages of 30 and 40 years.

On the basis of a study of X-ray-treated myomatous and metritic uteruses and corresponding ovaries, the author concludes that the degree of follicle destruction by x-rays depends on individual sensitivity, and parallel to follicle atrophy is proliferation of thecae cells. The author does not consider the sclerotic changes in the vessels as a direct result of the rays.

The author observed a case of uterine cervical cancer that developed as a result of a metal pessary being inside the uterus for 7 years, causing purulent, foul-smelling discharge in the 6th year, which brought the patient to the doctor.

The femur, shoulder and clavicle were fractured during childbirth, mostly in the diaphyseal part. Usually the periosteum in these fractures is intact due to its strength and considerable thickness and fits around the bone fragments like a socket. Newborn bones, poor in salts, are less fragile than in adults and do not form sharp ends; because of this, fractures occur as "fractures en bois vert" ("green twig fracture"), without length and lateral displacement, but simply bent at an angle. In addition, muscle retraction in newborns is weakly expressed.

The authors checked the report of one hashish smoker that he sometimes uses a mixture of tobacco and potassium chloride instead of the latter with success. It turned out that really adding not too large (0.5 per pipe) quantities of the salt to tobacco gives anesthesia for 40 minutes with sharply pronounced euphoria.

The author points to the fact that the cause of thympathy of the stomach, which develops simultaneously with the intake of food, with all of the resulting disorders must be considered in many cases a lack of coordination between swallowing and breathing - the fact that the aerophagus before and during each swallow makes a deep, often audible breath.

This rare tumor, described by Elenevsky and Melnikov, has been observed only 84 times so far: 45 times was a cranial chordoma on Blumenbachii clivus, 37 times - caudal, and 2 times - vertebral. Cranial chordomas are sometimes benign tumors about the size of a walnut, sitting in the clivus on an exostosis and growing into the dura mater to pons Varolii; sometimes malignant, the latter are large and destructive in size, they urinate on the bone, penetrate into the clivus, penetrate into the throat, grow into the brain appendage and lead to death after 1-5 years.

The author has observed 3 cases where after epidemic encephalitis periodic attacks of hunger developed. In all cases these attacks were combined with rigid-akinetic syndrome, vegetative disorders and compulsive laughter.

The author studied 1,000 women in labor by performing Wassermann (WaR), Meinicke (MTR) and Sachs-Klopstock (SaKIR) reactions on the ulnar vein blood. At the same time, umbilical cord blood was examined for spirochaetes. The author's main objective was to decide whether a nonspecific reaction is obtained in pregnancy. He detected spirochaetes most often when all three, or at least two, reactions were positive. On the contrary, in none of the cases where only WaR was positive were spirochaetes detected.

The author investigated histological changes caused by pale spirochaete in the umbilical cord, placenta, membranes and fetal organs. The most characteristic of these changes in the placenta he considered the formation of abscesses here, for in 1000 control placentas from healthy mothers and 40 placentas from mothers with other infectious diseases the latter were not found.

Working with several series of "Moscow" antigens from the Central Bacteriological Institute, Breen and Solun found that these antigens, with their strongly pronounced anti-complementary properties, can give false delays, on the one hand, because not all tested sera neutralize this anti-complementary property. not all tested sera neutralize this anticomplement property of the antigens and, on the other hand, can also produce frequent negative results because the main experience when the tested serum neutralizes the anticomplement properties of the antigen occurs in an excess of complement.