The seventeenth century can be considered a century of important scientific discoveries and studies of great importance for physiology, anatomy and clinic, which marked the beginning of the study of the endocrine glands. In this century, significant for science, which gave in 1628 the discovery of blood circulation by Наrуеу, a well-known anatomist Wharton in 1656 makes a detailed description of the thyroid gland, followed by an equally detailed description of the goitre gland, and Malpighi, in 1686, gives the first detailed instructions on the structure of various glands, defining glands in general as closed cavities with discharge ducts.

Among various anatomical museum preparations, the entire gastrointestinal canal in dry form is rare, although such preparations are extremely demonstrative and instructive, which is why they are desirable for educational and basic anatomical museums. In view of this, I also consider it not unnecessary, taking into account the absence of a description of the technique of making such preparations in the literature known to me, to share my experience and report on the method of making them. I am enclosing a photographic picture of one of such preparations of intestine of an adult - my work.

Since Еinhorn′s thin probe appeared, the technique of gastric gland function research began to improve rapidly, and many experimental works on the study of secretory and motility ability of the stomach, which seemed recently available only to physiological laboratories, found a place in the clinic as well. Without entering into criticism and evaluation of numerous methods of research of functional ability of the stomach with the help of long probing, first proposed by Ehrenreich in 1913 and improved later by Rehfuss, Benett, Gorshkov and others, we shall mention only that for this purpose in their works some authors resorted to natural stimulants, others to chemical ones.

The correlation disorder of the endocrine system entails disequilibrium in the organism, manifested by certain abnormalities of the latter. Among these abnormalities are, inter alia, nanism or dwarfism, the origin of which has been undoubtedly related to insufficiency of endocrine glands by works of recent years.

The tasks of the scientific organization of labor, as an applied science, are to study the methods of the greatest rationalization of work in various branches and to raise labor productivity while preserving the strength and health of the workers. Thus, the object of the SLO is, on the one hand, the improvement and mechanization of production, and on the other hand, the rational use of manpower; at the same time, the SLO seeks to save the worker, to preserve his interest in his work and to reduce the total time of work. Here, as we can see, the elements of dead and living energy collide. The latter circumstance connects SLO with the scientific advances of medicine and, most of all, with physiology. Acad. V. M. Bekhterev, Prof. Dürig and Phys. I. M. Burdiansky. Medical knowledge in the field of prophylaxis and pathology of occupational diseases gives the richest material for conclusions concerning the rational organization of a worker's work in order to preserve his health. But, if SLO in many issues is based on the achievements of medicine, then the reverse medical and sanitary business is almost not conducted according to the principles of rationalization of labor.

On 30/IV 1925 a patient A. A. was admitted to the gynecological department of the Mechnikov Hospital, which I was in charge of. A., 27 years old, with complaints of rapid growth of a tumor in the abdomen and difficulty in breathing. The patient is Finnish, speaks poor Russian, which is why it was impossible to obtain a detailed anamnesis.

In order to clarify the question of fluctuations in the height of the foot arch during one working day under the influence of functional load, I made measurements in 70 people of different professions. The days with an average, as it were, normal load were chosen for the study. The research was carried out with Prof. Friedland's foot tester according to his method, i.e. the length of the foot (from the top of the big toe to the end of the heel) and its height (vertical from os navicularae at the rear of the foot to the floor) were measured and the percentage of the height to the length of the foot was calculated.

The diagnosis and prognosis are the two points which determine, on the one hand, all further behavior of the physician or medical institution toward the patient, and, on the other hand, the attitude and degree of trust of the latter toward the physician. Therefore, every diagnostic and prognostic method, especially in such a dark field of postpartum diseases, must be used, carefully checked and, if its at least relative value is established, joined to our former, conventional methods of diagnosis and prognostication. Especially it should be said about methods simple, technically accessible to each doctor and medical institution. To such methods we can rightfully refer determination of the so-called leukocyte formula or differential leukocyte count according to Schilling.

More and more often they come to the belief that the reaction of the organism to an infectious agent is strictly specific and that each pyogenic microbe causes certain cellular elements of the tissue to fight the infection, so often the cell composition of the exudate, i.e. the predominance of certain cell forms in it, can be typical for this or that cause of inflammation. Based on this, cytological examination of the exudate may be valuable and important from a diagnostic point of view. Such specific cytological patterns could be of particular importance in relation to gonorrhea, especially female gonorrhea: it is known how unreliable the bacterioscopic examination of whites for gonococci is sometimes, the disappearance of which from the vaginal secretion often does not yet prove the actual recovery of the patient.

The diagnosis of congenital syphilis, while very easy in well-defined cases, can often be quite difficult. Lesser thinks that in half the cases congenital syphilis in the first year of life may not manifest itself at all. Further cases have been described in which it did not manifest itself with fatal symptoms until 2-3 decades after birth; such are the cases of Noble and Remanowsky, as well as Schaffer and others.

Aloresia areata in different cases has different origin. This is confirmed by our material, in which out of 25 cases where lues could be excluded by Wassermann's study and fungal infection by hair microscopic study, in 4 cases the occurrence of baldness could be attributed to nervous disturbances, in 3 to endocrine system disorders, while in the rest the etiology of the disease remained unexplained. Practically, it is important that in these cases, different etiology of the disease corresponded to different therapeutic effect of different treatment methods.

In 1921, Stern and Gauthier found that between the blood on one side and the cerebrospinal fluid and nerve elements of the brain and spinal cord on the other, there is a barrier, which they called the gemato-encephalic barrier. In what is its essence, what is the mechanism of its work and even where it is located, is not known exactly; but the fact of its existence is undoubted, as many substances circulating in the blood, even in significant quantities, never appear in the central nervous system and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Their action does not appear in the brain, not because they have no such action, but because there is a barrier to their penetration into the brain tissue, and under normal conditions they are retained at the border between the blood and the cerebral medium.

A significant advance in this area is the injection of radium into the tumor using needles. The prerequisite for this therapy is the exact definition of the tumor borders, which in uterine and parametric cancers is achieved by transosection; this creates a kind of special kind of surgery, which aims to create access for the application of radium. Since the duration of cell division in cancer is up to 15-20 days, it is necessary to lengthen the radium application time considerably.

The author was sometimes able to obtain a striking improvement in bone tbc by limited administration of liquids (for 14 days only a cup of milk in the morning and a cup of tea in the evening, no more liquids). In addition to tuberculosis, other bone diseases also lend themselves to this method.

Using crizolgan and sanokrizin as injections in 42 patients, the author obtained such favorable results that he completely abandoned the tuberculin treatment that he had been practicing for 20 years.

As is known, Graetz explains the development of pleural effusions during an artificial pleural thorax by the transition of the inflammatory process from tbc foci to the nearby pleura, due to compression of the lung by air, and the exudate is formed more often immediately after the first blows. In other cases liquid appears after 4-8 months, being of transudate character. Consequently, the etiology of pleurisy is not the same.

V. Sukharev, based on the bactericidal, antitoxic and stimulating properties of ultraviolet light, tested the latter in the treatment of soft chancres and was convinced that in ultraviolet rays we have a useful treatment for ulcers of soft chancres - if used per se, or in combination with chemical preparations.

Recalling that the pathogenesis of perniciosal anemia has not yet been elucidated, the author dwells on the importance of intestinal intoxications on the basis of intestinal constrictions for the appearance of this disease. After reviewing the relevant literature, particularly the literature that anaemia perniciosa has abnormal flora in the small intestines, the author cites his own case of malignant anemia in combination with intestinal constriction, where the same flora was found in the contents of the small and large intestines with a preponderance of b. coli.

In reviewing the methods of this therapy, the authors find that they are mostly symptomatic, and treatment of bronchial asthma with mercury-quartz radiation should be considered especially indicated in the presence of a clearly manifested tuberculosis process in the lungs or bronchial glands.

The author noticed that in severe cardiac patients the exhaled air gives off a characteristic sweet odor, the intensiveness of which parallels the content of lactic acid.

If a typical attack of this disease, - says Weltmann, - presents a very characteristic picture (intense colic-like pain in the right subcostal area, extending to the right shoulder, tension of the right m. Weltmann's disease is very characteristic (intense colic-like pain in the right side of the upper abdomen, no abdominal reflex, sensitivity of the n. phrenici under right pressure, hyperaesthesia of the skin over the right rib cuff, jaundice, urobilinuria, constipation, often elevated t°, etc.). ), very often the first attack of gallstones, running without jaundice, with no palpation findings due to upper abdominal tension, is very difficult to diagnose, and a significant number of diseases may simulate cholithiasis.

The author applied autohemotherapy to more than 70 patients. Blood was taken from the latter with a syringe from the ulnar vein, injected back in pure, less often in defibrillated form, in an amount of 10 cc, subcutaneously or more often, intramuscularly (into the buttocks).

The author describes a case in which a woman had a goose egg-sized tumor removed from her cecum. On examination it turned out that the tumor was a granuloma containing several specimens of the whipworm.

The author describes a case of multiple jejunal diverticulosis found accidentally during an operation for obstruction. At a distance of 10 cm from the beginning of the jejunum there was a number of 25 diverticula on either side of the mesentery attachment. Microscopic examination revealed the absence of both muscular layers in the wall of the diverticula, characteristic of the small intestine, so that the peritoneum in them directly adjoined the mucosa. Thus, these diverticula can be considered as intestinal wall hernias.

Due to unpleasant side effects of quinine (bitter taste, tinnitus, stomach disorders, hemorrhagia, hemoglobinuria, etc.) many means for its replacement have been proposed. Of these remedies the author settled on plasmoquine.

The author shares the results of his observations on the relationship of Ca and Ca salts in the blood in heart diseases, bronchial asthma and stomach diseases, coming to the conclusion that to present the salt picture of the blood it is necessary to investigate both Ca and K, and that in the same disease form we do not always have the same picture. As for CaCl2 treatment, the author warmly recommends this remedy in diseases of the heart muscle (more than 200 observations) and in decompensated valve defects.

The author suggests using antitoxic coli bacillary serum in all late surgeries for spilt peritonitis, where E. coli is in the pus.

The authors observed cases of gastric intussusception caused by a very large group of polyps that had descended to the beginning of the jejunum. A 78-year-old woman who suddenly became ill was saved by gastric revagination and resection.

The author recommends Whitman-Lorenz's conservative method used in 16 patients for this purpose. The treatment consists of a long-term plaster cast. At first the patient lies in bed for 3 months, and the cast is applied with a half corset and covers the entire foot; the next 4 weeks he begins to walk with a stirrup, then the foot is released, and after another month the cast is removed from the lower leg.

The author cites four cases of sweat-gland abscesses successfully treated by injecting patients' own blood into the tissue surrounding the abscess.

The authors describe 8 cases of epinephrectomies, from Leriche's clinic, for spontaneous gangrene. The operation was performed after preliminary sympathectomy, sometimes repeated, and only in case of its failure.

The author finds that the development of hallux valgus precedes the development of flat foot, and that hallux valgus is not the cause of the latter. However, not all flatfooted people develop hallux valgus, but only if there are known changes in the statics and dynamics of the foot. First, a flat foot develops and then the toe converges to the lateral side because the abductor is weakened and the adductor overpowers it. Based on the etiology of this anomaly, the author recommends correcting flat feet with orthopedic insoles in the initial stages and eliminating them surgically in later stages.

The significance of bone-plastic fixation of the spine in its tbc lesions, according to Kopylov, lies not in the mechanical assistance of the graft, but in the complex biological processes reduced to the irritation and revitalization of inflammatory and regenerative functions of the body in response to the infection. Based on such a view, the author believes; that Lawallе's operation, consisting in introduction of bone plates into the thickness of diseased tbc epiphyses, finds its theoretical justification.

The author recommends this operation in cases of severe coxa vara, where he has used it in 3 patients with complete success; the end of the femur rests in the articular socket under the femoral head, which remains in its usual position.

Being a follower of the angiospastic theory of the disease, the author recommends, together with careful iodine treatment, primarily subcutaneous injections of sodium nitrate, which, in his opinion, is superior to all other vasodilators.

The author applied autoserotherapy in 10 cases of severe trachoma. and used the following technique: blood in an amount of 3-5 cc. was extracted with a syringe from a vein of the ulnar bend. and placed in a low tube, which was closed with a cotton plug and left at room temperature; in 3-4 hours after that the serum, separated from the clot, was drawn into the syringe again and after preliminary co-cainting of the eye, was injected in an amount of 0.4-1.0 cc into the transitional fold of the upper and lower eyelid. These injections were subsequently repeated.

The author recommends adding revanol to the novocaine solution for infiltration anesthesia (in the proportion of 1 : 4000). This gives the tissues resistance against infection. During operations on the eyeball such infiltration is tolerated smoothly, without causing any irritation.

Recently, various modifications are being introduced into methods of surgical treatment of strabismus again. As the most original, we can point out the wrapping of the ends of the cut muscle during tenotomy with flaps of its pre-cut capsule. This prevents possible fusion of the ends of the cut muscle and destroys the effect of the operation.

Timpanaro recommends systematic use of pituitary preparations in the postpartum and postpartum periods. The author sees no contraindications to their use.

A modification of Stroganoff's method of treating eclampsia is offered by Katsuya, who replaces chloral hydrate with luminal sodium and morphine partly with pantopon-scopolamine in order to eliminate side effects on the heart and kidneys.

The author has performed this operation, since 1919, 62 times on patients from 6 to 38 years old. The technique is as follows: after removal of the apple, a strong lining is formed in the depth of the eye socket by sewing together the oblique eye muscles and the remains of the pouch, then a cartilage plate taken from the VI or VII rib is placed on it, and the straight eye muscles, subconjunctival tissue and the connective sheath are sewn crosswise over everything.

When discussing the etiology of postoperative and postpartum thrombosis, the authors note a number of conditions favorable to their occurrence. As a necessary condition is the slowing of blood flow, one of the most frequent causes of which is cardiac muscle insufficiency. To what extent vascular wall changes are necessary in this case remains unclear.

Pfaundler provides a guiding review of the major advances in the study of rickets. Most interesting are the advances in resolving the question of the antirachitis factor. Huldschinsky showed that illumination with ultraviolet rays cured rickets. Hess and Steenbock proved on rats with experimentally induced rickets that irradiation of animal food is sufficient to cure the latter if it contains fat or at least only the unsaponifiable part of it - cholesterol (fats, milk, flour, animal skin, etc.).

Discussing the causes of pelvic hyperemia, which often underlies uterine bleeding, causing primary premature bursting of the follicle and secondary changes in the uterus, the author pays special attention to chronic constipation, especially in connection with atony of the stomach.

According to observations of M.O. Brodsky in early infancy cough in whooping cough often proceeds without whistling and does not end in vomiting, coughing thrusts follow each other without interruption and lead to redness and even turning blue of the face, convulsive movements and eruption of urine and feces. Cyanosis reaches a very high degree, suffocation becomes threatening and may lead to death, especially if the disease is complicated by capillary bronchitis or pneumonia.

The author points out that by determining bilirubin in the blood serum we have a means of deciding with great probability, and at the same time, whether in this case it is a hemorrhage or softening of the brain on the basis of embolism. If the bilirubin content exceeds 1:200,000, this is an indication of hemorrhage.

Based on his own 25-year experience and observations of 500 brain tumors, of which 420 were operated on, the author recommends operating on patients with these tumors in the lateral position, which prevents loss of cerebrospinal fluid; in the dorsal position he operates only on temporal tumors, and he completely abandoned the sitting position. He attaches great importance to the temperature of the operating room, preferring to operate at 18°-20°.

Already in ancient medical literature there are indications of the beneficial influence of infectious diseases on the course of psychoses. In 1879, Rosenblum (Odessa) was the first to inoculate the mentally ill with relapsing typhus and in 22 cases had 11 cures and 3 improvements (the remaining 8 cases were unchanged). In 1917, Wagner Juregg began inoculating malaria in progressive paralysis. Repeated observations of schizophrenics who recovered clinically under the influence of accidental infection (sore throat, typhus) led Wiesel and Markuszewicz to test malaria vaccination in 46 schizophrenics, of whom 27 had already completed observations.

In 11 cases of severe hiccups (1 case of epidemic hiccups, 2 cases of hiccups during or after conventional anesthesia and 8 cases of hiccups after laparotomies and cystotomies) the author applied inhalation of carbon dioxide in the proportion of 5-5.6% to air or oxygen. Hiccups disappeared either during inhalations, or after them, in some cases completely.

Given intravenously bromine only with difficulty passes through the renal epithelium, and therefore bromine salts easily accumulate in the tissues, and displace chlorions, chlorides are quickly excreted, and this causes deficiencies in chlorine. On the contrary, in cases of bromine poisoning, intravenous injection of table salt in physiological solution leads to excretion of bromine from tissues, and sometimes severe irritation of the kidneys is observed.