Of the large periodic fluctuations of breathing in clinical pathology there are two forms - Cheyne-Stokes' and wavy breathing (wogende Atmung). Both forms of breathing represent a failure in the essence of the phenomenon of the same order: wavy breathing can easily, under certain conditions, go to Cheyne-Stokes. The first form is mainly observed in severe diseases - severe disorders of cardiac activity, arteriosclerotic lesions of cerebral vessels, meningitis, cerebral hemorrhages, uremia, etc. The second form occurs much more often than it was supposed before. Its detection became possible with the introduction of systematic pneumographic studies into the clinical routine.

The study of prolonged subfebrile temperatures is of great practical importance, because the clinic of these temperatures is very poorly studied, we do not know the genesis of this phenomenon, and in this regard, our therapeutic measures in this kind of patients are very chaotic. Brought up on the idea that the subfebrile temperature is almost exceptional manifestation of chronic infection, our thought is unwilling to accept the possibility of its other origin. Having before him a patient with a long subfebrile fever, the practitioner tries to associate it with some chronic infection, most often with chronic malaria or tuberculosis, - especially since the complaints of such patients often easily fit into the clinical picture of one or the other of these diseases.

When growing a giant usually breaks the proportion between the size of the skull and the length of the body, mainly the length of the lower limbs, which are growing faster than the upper; rarer type of giant, which has a sharp lengthening of the upper limbs compared to the torso. Colossal physical strength, which is attributed to the giants of folk legends, in fact, giants are usually absent: most of it is physically weak people, unenergetic and adventurous, with mediocre mental abilities. They have lower libido, often impotence, and are childless in their married life. Gigantism is more common in men than in women, and usually occurs during puberty.

For clinical diagnosis of anemia, in addition to determining the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content in the blood, it is necessary to determine the total amount of the latter, which gives a more complete picture of the phenomenon under study and in many cases saves from possible errors. At the present time in the literature there are already data, however, not numerous yet, concerning the total amount of blood in some physiological and pathological conditions.

Primary gastric sarcoma of the round cell type is a rare disease. Each new case of this disease deserves description - until such a material is accumulated, which would allow, at least in general outline, to draw a picture of this disease. For this reason I think it is not unnecessary to describe in print the following case, which is especially interesting because the diagnosis here was made while the patient was alive.

The question of suturing the hollow organs has been of interest to surgeons from Celsus to the present day. First of all, the question arose as to whether and when the hollow organs should be sutured. This has now been clarified in a positive sense. As for suture technique and material, it doesn't come out of medical literature discussion until now, with particular attention paid to closure of wounds to the gastrointestinal tract. The best suture for this is recognized by all surgeons as Lembert's suture, the first idea of which belongs to Jobert and which was subsequently modified by Czerny. Pirogov said: "Lembert's suture is a real progress in the art of surgery.

Rupture of the spleen is quite frequent in tropical countries, where pathological spleen is a common occurrence, and where this damage is observed often from negligible trauma. Thus Grawford, working in India, collected 477 cases of ruptured spleen there, and of those 387 cases where the weight of this organ was known, only in 18 it was within normal limits. The authors who collected material from non-tropical countries (Krukov, Leverenz, Berger, Finkelstein), usually the cause of ruptures was a very severe trauma - in most cases a healthy spleen.

The work of Chiari and Januschке establishes the inhibitory effect of calcium salts on transudation and exudation. These researchers proved by their experiments that the extremely severe oedema of the connective membrane of the rabbit's eye caused by mustard oil or Auburn quickly disappears if the animal is injected subcutaneously or intravenously with a few cubes of calcium salt solution. Similarly, in dogs poisoned with sodium iodide or thiosinamine, the onset of profuse pleural exudate, pulmonary edema and hydropericardium can be prevented by application of calcium salts. This is also confirmed by other authors (Leo, Levy, Heubner, Rona, etc.).

The mucous membrane of the uterus is a sui generis tissue and is subject to specific laws of life. With this I wish to recall those cyclical transformations of it which are peculiar to the female. A number of works (Hitschmann u. Adler, R. Schröder, R. Mayer, Figurnov, Yakovlev, Belyaeva and many others) have studied in detail the process of mucous membrane restoration both under normal and pathological conditions. But as for studies on the restoration of the uterine mucosa after its curettage for artificial miscarriage, there are few of them, namely, two old works dating back to 1895 (Werth) and 1899 (Polano). (The authors of the present paper are very few in number. (Belyaeva and Golubchin), produced simultaneously with my work.

Colloids, first applied to study cerebrospinal fluid in 1912 by Lange, have taken a firm place in diagnostics in the form of so-called colloidal reactions. These reactions, as it is known, consist in that artificially prepared colloidal solution is mixed with cerebrospinal fluid in various quantitative ratios, and the reagent undergoes characteristic changes, which can be recorded in the form of curves. Many colloidal reactions have been proposed, but the most common of these are Lange's Goldsol- reaktion, where a colloidal solution of gold is the reagent, and Emanuel's Mastic Reaction. In the relatively short time of their existence, these reactions have generated a huge literature, which is overtaken, on the one hand, by the increased interest of modern neurological clinics in cerebrospinal fluid, on the other hand, by the value of the results of colloid reactions, which often provide an opportunity to make a more accurate and differentiated diagnosis of liquor than it has been possible so far.

Eczema, which occupies a central place in practical dermatology and often does not respond to local therapy, makes it necessary to look for new ways and methods of treating it. At the same time, the view that many dermatoses are connected to diseases of the nervous system or internal organs or the endocrine system, which is becoming more and more entrenched, makes it necessary to treat it not only with local therapy, but also with internal, causal therapy. In order to intensify the effect of drugs administered into the body, in recent years the method of introducing them directly into the bloodstream has been spreading more and more in eczema, as in other dermatoses.

Under foreign bodies of the ear in the proper sense of the word should be considered only those that enter the external auditory canal from the outside. However, this notion is now somewhat expanded to include in the group of foreign bodies of the ear deposits of the glandular apparatus of the external ear with the formation of accumulations of wax - "wax plugs". In general, all these bodies, of one origin or another, can be divided into two groups: animate and inanimate (Tsytovich, Fink). 

All theories of bacteriophagy generally fall into two categories: theories that consider a "living" cause, a special ultramicrobe-parasite bacteria, as the basis of the phenomenon, and theories that consider the bacteriophage lysine a product of the bacteria themselves. Of the theories of the first group, the most complete and consistent is the theory of the author, to whom we owe the discovery of the phenomenon that bears his name.

The authors showed that the function of r.e. cell accumulation can be influenced experimentally by the introduction of some hormones. Thus, trypan blue or cholesterol accumulation increases when insulin is injected, decreases when thyroid preparations are injected, and practically does not change under the action of hydrochloric acid adrenaline or pituitaryrin solution. Iron accumulation, on the other hand, increases with pituitaryrin administration and partly with thyroid extracts, does not decrease with adrenaline and does not change at all with insulin administration.

The author made a presentation at the Leningrad Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists, and Histologists about attempts to crossbreed humans with monkeys or, more precisely, to fertilize monkeys (chimpanzees) with human semen.

The author distinguishes three main forms of scarlet fever: 1) intoxication, in which central nervous system intoxication phenomena prevail, and clinical signs of which are frequent vomiting, unconsciousness, delirium and convulsions; 2) local, where from the first days there is a significant lesion of pharynx and nasopharynx with no visible signs of intoxication; 3) exanthematous, in which there are no large local lesions and no irritation of the central and autonomic nervous system, but the main manifestation of the disease is a rash.

Having used treatment with a heat-killed vaccine in a number of typhoid diseases, the authors arrived at the following results: 1) per os vaccine therapy in 46% of cases produces a cut-off therapeutic effect; in 38% of cases it saves strength of the patient by reducing the duration of the disease, decreasing t° and eliminating intoxication, thus promoting rapid recovery and preventing development of complications; it reduces mortality rate almost fourfold; 2) to obtain a clear therapeutic effect it is necessary to apply doses of 50-100 billion bacterial bodies per day for at least 4-5 days on an empty stomach, preferably after prior sensitization of the intestine laxative (10.0-12.0 magnesium sulfate).

The authors were convinced that the reaction with typhoid endotoxin gives, in all stages of typhus, results consistent with the results of Widal's reaction. In diseases that are similar to typhoid, it is mostly negative.

In discussing the unfavorable results of vaccinations at the height of a single epidemic, the author concludes from his extensive experience on the Western German front that this failure must be explained by too high a dosage.

Comparing the diagnostic value of r.r. Pirquet and Mantoux in 858 cases, the author concludes that Mantoux is particularly important in early childhood as it increases by almost half in children aged 3-4 years the percentage of positive reactions to tuberculin compared to Pirquet.

The authors report, that for 15 years, from 1912 till 1927, 39 cases were treated by this method, besides 34 cases were primary cured (87.2%), there was no cure in 4 (10.2%), 1 patient died (small intestine fistula).

An original view on autohemotherapy is expressed by I. I. Lintvarev, who attaches great importance to erythrophages in the development of specific antibodies and absolutely denies elements of nonspecific therapy in autohemotherapy.

In the treatment of bone tbc Kozlowski recommends a combination of surgical treatment and spa treatment. The treatment begins with a double osteotomy or neurotomy according to Molotkov, and the resulting disruption of blood circulation and bone innervation is a biological stimulus to the tbc focus, leading first to rarification of the short end of the bone, and then to increased ossification and sclerosing of the latter.

According to Dünner, these indications are: 1) unilateral affection of the lower lobe, especially when artificial pneumothorax, because of constrictions, does not promise success; 2) tuberosity of the whole lung, and it does not matter whether it is a process of effusion or productive one.

The author answers this question in the negative. His view is based on observations over 289 patients in whom 20% achieved, with sufficiently long spa treatment, a lasting recovery. In particular, he emphasizes that the mountain air has a particularly favorable effect when surgical local treatment of the larynx is necessary.

Conservative treatment of articular tbc often requires imaging to monitor the therapy. The plaster cast should not be removed every time in such cases, because of the disturbance of joint rest and the material costs; it is better to perform the radiography through the cast.

The author reports that examination of 353 patients treated with x-rays after 1-6 years yielded 69.9% fully functional, and the author attributes much of this favorable result to the named rays.

The authors believe that the use of x-rays in the treatment of pituitary tumors is definitely necessary, and that x-ray therapy should be tested regardless of the nature of the tumor, the degree of its development and the clinical symptoms. It gives the best result in neoplasms developing in the anterior lobe of the medullary appendage, i.e. in cases of acromegaly.

The author takes apart two groups of endocrine glands in relation to the ovaries: on the one hand, the epiphysis, thymus, and pancreas; on the other, the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The function of the ovary depends on the correlation of the glands in this last group.

To distinguish between acute and chronic inflammation by urine sludge, the author recommends resorting to staining it with eosin: the point is that living cells do not perceive this dyeing substance and remain unpainted, while dead cells immediately perceive the dye.

The author gives 14 cases of the disease, and states its increase in recent years. In further detailing the individual symptoms and the entire clinical picture of lung cancer, M. recommends the use of X-ray examination and tracheobronchoscopy to recognize it.

The author suggests a new and simple way to study liver function. The patient is given 20 cbm on an empty stomach. 5% solution of acidic fuchsin and periodically examine his urine, and different excretion curves are obtained for different cases.

After studying the action of pacil, a choline derivative, on high blood pressure, Lewy found that it acts like choline, on the one hand, directly on the cardiac branches of the vagus nerve, and on the other, on the peripheral vasodilators. Its area of application is cases of climacteric pressure increase, then cases of vasomotor essential hypertension, as well as compensation disorders.

The authors examined the anatomical condition of the heart in 126 cases of syphilitic aortitis, which they found in 2.6% of 4,577 autopsies between 1910 and 1926.

Sclerosis of the coronary arteries is much more common than thoracic pains; about 75% of patients in whom it was found in a widespread form at autopsy never had heart disorders. But, on the other hand, thoracic pains were observed almost exclusively in this sclerosis; only in 2 cases only the aorta was affected. Extensive infarcts in the heart muscle were found in 3 patients who died in a particularly long and severe attack of chest pain, which occurred once without any preceding pain.

Dr. Solovyov examined 144 appendicular appendixes and found pinworms in 67 (46.53%) of them, the latter were found in 52.94% of female and 33.86% of male appendicular appendices.

The author examined 100 worms removed for appendicitis and could find pinworms in 48 of them. Each case had an average of 15-20 worms, but there were cases with up to 260 worms.

The authors point out that in ulcus duodeni there is a relatively frequent (almost in Uz of all cases) involvement of the biliary tract in the painful process. Sometimes the ulcer symptoms come to the forefront, which are joined by new symptoms (intensification of pain, enlargement of painful area when tapping, enlargement of liver, appearance of jaundice, increase of bilirubin in serum, etc.), and in some cases the symptoms of cholecystitis come to the fore.

The author sees the cause of nephrosis in the extrarenal factors and considers tubular degeneration a consequence rather than the cause of disorders arising from disorders of protein and lipoid metabolism in the body. Seeing albuminuria in chronic nephrosis as an expression of profound metabolic changes, he proposes the name diabetes albuminuricus for this disease.

On the basis of 24 cases of this operation the author concludes that periarterial sympathectomy gives correct and stable results in Reynaud's disease and in patients with asphytic disorders of extremities based on vascular spasm; it also gives a rapid cure in extensive skin defects, torpid chronic ulcers of extremities of non-syphilitic origin - provided that they also occurred not from nerve disorders.

In one case of aneurysm of the aortic arch and anemic artery, the author performed a two-moment operation of excision of the first three rib cartilages on both sides with dissection of the right clavicle to eliminate pressure. There is no danger of sudden enlargement of the mediastinum space with this operation.

Based on the work of Corbineau, Mischon and others, the authors applied the injection of 20% boric glycerin, in an amount from 15.0 to 30.0, into the unempty bladder (as introduction into an empty bladder is very painful) in postoperative urinary retention. The results were good.

The author cites 15 cases of ptosis colonie transversi. Clinically, the patients complained of constipation from childhood and pain in the axillary region, accompanied in advanced cases by nausea and vomiting, but without the typical attacks of appendicitis and in the absence of peptic ulcer.

The author collected 33 cases of perforations of peptic postoperative ulcers from the literature, to which he added one of his own observations, and strictly separates peptic ulcers of the g.-e. hole itself and ulcers of the diverting or adventitious loop located at some distance from the hole, because they differ from each other both in pathological and anatomical changes, and in clinical picture.

The author gives statistics of 104 cases of ankle tbc in children under 16 years of age treated with immobilization with plaster casts. Observations are taken for the period from 1898 to 1922, and the long-term results are traced in each case for more than 3 years.

Cruciate ligament tears occur due to 1) sudden forced flexion, 2) forced inward rotational motion, and 3) forced combined motion of flexion, internal rotation, and adduction. The clinical picture is divided into an acute stage with pain, joint hemorrhage, dysfunction, and subluxation of the tibia anteriorly when the anterior ligament is torn or posteriorly when the posterior ligament is torn, and a chronic stage with a general relaxation of the knee joint and a feeling of weakness and insecurity when walking.

Lengthening of limbs observed in various diseases and injuries also occurs in the case of the bones and joints. In this case, elongation occurs when the diaphyseal part lying near the epiphyseal cartilage is diseased; when the epiphyseal cartilage itself or the epiphyseal line is diseased, elongation does not occur. Elongation is observed only in the period of bone growth and reaches 0.5-2 centimeters, usually during the first 1-3 years of the disease.

The author cites a case of a birthmark in a 3-year-old child where he applied freezing with chloroethyl (until white) at two-day intervals, five times in all. The spot was as big as a 5-mark coin.

The authors were convinced of the very favorable action in phlebitis of leeches, which action they attribute here to the blood-quivering and anti-infective action of hirudin.

The author observed, by illuminating glaucomatous eyes with X-rays, the disappearance of acute symptoms of the disease and mainly of pain.