The rather old (1882) observation of Guzzi, who observed that the weight and length of newborns are directly proportional to the number of days of the mother's menstrual period, has lately again attracted the attention of researchers. Thus Revelli on 2500 cases, and Szenes and Mondré on 739 cases could generally confirm Guzzi's data, while La Tarke, on the contrary, came to negative data. Our work was already finished when Dr. Agabekov reported, who, on the basis of 462 cases, also adheres to the opinion of Guzzi.

So far, all attempts to prove the presence of a certain specific poison in menstruation must be considered unsuccessful. Even the question of such a specific toxin is called into question altogether, and the approach to this problem must be quite different from that which has hitherto been used by various authors. Gengenbach, reviewing in detail the literature on this question, concludes that it is more correct to speak not of a specific hypothetical menstrual poison, but of known toxicoses. Such toxicoses occur not due to the invasion of poison from outside, but due to the imbalance or regulation in the body of biochemical processes.

Trying to give here a new system of constitutional types of women, I thereby provoke in readers the idea that the presently existing systems are insufficient, why a new system is proposed. If this argument were not present, readers would have every reason to object: Why do we need a new system of constitutions? We have enough well-founded systems that work perfectly well in practice as it is! Why pile on unnecessary ballast and confuse the already complicated and confused science of the constitution? In order to protect myself from such objections, I must first of all prove the insufficiency of the existing systems of constitutional types. To prove this insufficiency I will stop on a critical analysis only of Kretschmer's system, because exactly this system enjoys at present the greatest recognition and wide application in practice.

In 1918, the late Professor A. I. Lebedev applied treatment of some skin diseases with intravenous infusions of sodium bromide and obtained excellent results: eczemas, which could not be cured and had tormented patients for years, urticaria, herpetiform dermatitis, erythema exudative, were cured within a fairly short time exclusively with this method. In many cases, patients were relieved by this method from persistent and unpleasant relapses of these dermatoses. Although treatment with bromine salts and other per os of skin diseases, especially acute eczema, has a very long history, but such an effective result has not been noted by any author.

In 1923, Manoilov reported his discovery of a chemical reaction that could be used to distinguish between male and female blood. The profound interest that was aroused by this report is quite understandable. In recent years, a number of works have been devoted to Manoilov's reaction, but only recently, when the enthusiasm for this assay has subsided, has the chemistry of the reaction become clear to a certain extent. Manoilov proposed three modifications of his reaction, but, according to him, preference should be given to the last, third modification, as giving the most correct results. The reagent used for this modification consists of five separate solutions gradually added to the blood emulsion, or to the serum solution prepared according to a certain standard.

We investigated minimal amounts of iodine using the microcolorimetric method proposed by M. T. Lecco (in 1896) and developed in detail by Th. v. Fellenberg (in 1923). Basically, this method consists in binding all J, irrespective of its state (free J, iodide, iodate, organic iodine compound), with carbonic alkali and converting it into iodide (KJ), which, when acted on with sulfuric acid, releases free iodine, which stains chloroform red-violet color.

The life of the patient undergoing surgery depends on the intensity of the painful onset, the degree of the body's resistance, preoperative preparation, surgical intervention, and postoperative care. All members of this five may be equally important, but in any case they are unequally developed, and the doctrine of preoperative preparation is the least developed. Here, except for the satisfactorily studied preparation of the operative field, everything else is still so unclear that it has not even taken on the nature of a systematic teaching, - questions of this kind are addressed only in isolated works, scattered and drowning in the general mass of surgical literature.

Diseases of the uterine appendages have always had a prominent place in the etiology of infertility. These were inflammatory and neoplastic processes resulting in changes which in most cases were already detected by bimanual examination, such as various types of saccosalpinx, tubal fibromas, salpigitis nodosa, cystic ovarian changes, tubal-ovarian cysts, etc. The mechanism of infertility in such changes is clear, but only with the introduction of Rubinʹa method into gynecological practice did the actual role of the Fallopian tubes in the origin of infertility become clear, or rather, began to become clear.

The authors used intradermal injection of 0.1 cc of typhoid endotoxin in 262 febrile patients with various diseases, including typhoid fever.

The authors immunized mice by repeated injections of a suspension of cancer cells. Experiments with vaccination of such animals showed that such immunization has no prophylactic value - vaccinated mice turn out to be as susceptible to cancer as unvaccinated ones.

The toxic substance isolated by the authors from cultures of hemolytic puerperal streptococcus has all the properties of a toxin: it gives a latent period between inoculation and reaction, it is liable to heat, is neutralized by immune serum antitoxin, causes formation of immune bodies.

After citing a number of cases published in the literature in which bee stings were fatal, the author dwells on Braun's method of immunization to bee venom.

To 5-10 cc of blood from the ulnar vein, 3% acetic acid and 50% antiformin are added successively and diluted with absolute alcohol. The precipitate is washed with distilled water and stained by Ziehlʹ or Much-Weissʼ. In 20 cases of tbc appendages, acid-fastening bacilli were found in the blood of patients in this manner, but if the distilled water was passed through a Chamberland's candle, the result was negative.

The author reports the results of the use of a biliary typhoid vaccine ("bilivaccine") as a prophylactic agent against typhoid fever obtained in S. Paolo (Brazil).

According to Vaer's observations, artificial stenemothorax can lead in a relatively short time to disappearance of pulmonary caverns without a trace, which is proved by fluoroscopic images.

In 4 normal women, the author found 30% lymphocytes and 70% leukocytes; in diseases such as appendiceal tumors, ovarian tumors, and myomas, lymphocytes predominate (50-90%); in uterine cervical cancers the cytological picture does not change.

Having made a number of experiments in this direction on animals, the authors were convinced that by using sanokrizin, it is possible to achieve complete sterilization of the lungs.

The author believes that the obstetrician should not play the role of a mere technical performer when deciding on indications for termination of pregnancy in tuberculosis patients. Experience has shown that a significant number of women who are referred for termination of pregnancy because of tuberculosis are found to be free of tuberculosis under close observation.

Primary nasal tbc is a very rare disease: only 117 cases have been described in the world literature. Tbc bacilli develop in the nasal cavity only if there are mucosal ulcers. The author has described two cases of primary nasal tbc.

The author points out the advantages of fluoroscopy for determining the position of foreign bodies, the position of fragments in bone fractures and articular body injuries. Stereoscopy is especially valuable when examining ribs, vertebrae, and the skull, where numerous overlapping shadows confuse the picture, and a slight deviation from the norm cannot be determined by the radiograph.

The author was convinced that this inflammation is based on the introduction of paratyphoid bacillus N1. Postlethyphoid inflammation of the rib cartilages affects sub'ects only at the age of over 20 years, when cavities are formed in the cartilaginous tissue.

The author, who observed bloody vomiting two hours after the operation according to Bier's method, without stitching the mucosa, believes that this bleeding was from the gastric wall, and not from the ulcer, since the latter was not touched during the operation.

In 4 cases of facial carbuncles, the author injected his own blood into the circumference of the abscesses and obtained complete recovery without an incision.

The author treats purulent peritonitis as follows: early operation is possible, and, if circumstances permit, it is useful to pre-prepare the patient with napertia, coffein, and intravenous injection of 20 cc. 40% grape sugar solution to reduce the danger of anesthesia to the heart; the site of the incision is chosen according to the localization of the process; the wound is lubricated with Peruvian balsam before opening the peritoneum; if peritonitis spills over, the abdominal cavity is flushed; if the infectious focus can be reliably turned off, drainage is not necessary; wire sutures. Careful stretching of rectal stomas after surgery facilitates the evacuation of gases and feces.

When discussing the issue of immediate complications after appendectomy surgery, M.V. Mikhailov draws attention to gastrointestinal bleeding. In the material of the Moscow Basman Hospital such bleedings occurred 4 times per 2000 appendectomies, i.e. in 0.2%. Two theories have been proposed to explain their origin: septic-infectious and thrombo-embolic.

The author suggests placing a gentle intestinal clamp on the cecum after removal of the appendix. This clamp makes it possible to pull up into the wound and easily fix the intestinal wall we need in order to peritonize and stitch the stump of the appendix.

In examining the relationship between cataracts and the general state of the body, and comparing the various theories that exist on this subject, the authors find that sometimes the cause of cataracts is a decrease in the amount of calcium in the blood. 

The authors successfully applied a modified Bascini method in 52 cases of inguinal hernias in men, which consists of replacing the suture on the muscle layer and aponeurosis by sewing a homogeneous tissue-muscle with muscle.

The author draws attention to the fact that only the theory that puts changes of the vitreous body in the basis of glaucoma satisfactorily explains the origin of the shallow anterior chamber of the eye in this disease. Namely, the lens diaphragm, due to the swelling of the vitreous body, moves forward, constricts the angle of the anterior chamber, etc. The swelling and increase in the volume of the vitreous body in glaucoma is caused by water retention in the vitreous body or mechanical obstruction to its outflow through the lens diaphragm.

The author observed in 30-60% of patients operated on for goiter early or late departure of sutures, in 74% leading to the formation of fistulas, which did not heal up to 3 years.

Studying the composition of amniotic fluid, the author found in it the presence of glycolbetaine, meat-lactic acid, aromatic oxyacids and histidine-histidine-leucine derivative. He considers new and especially important the presence of betaine, which until now was found in the human body only in echinococcal fluid.

The author received rather encouraging results from rubbing the oil of sholmogra (a Brazilian plant), long used in the treatment of leprosy, into the conjunctiva of the eyes for trachoma.

The author recommends a new method of capsulectomy in cataract surgery.

The author tested the value of Camnitzer's Joseph's floridzine reaction with the floridzine-maturina preparation and obtained 95.6% positive results in pregnant women and 3.3% in non-pregnant women. The accuracy of the test decreases with increasing gestational age, so that pregnant women up to 1½ months gave 100% positive results, pregnant women up to 2% months - 93.4%, and pregnant women 3% months only 87.54% positive results.

The author describes in detail techniques for determining the position of the fetal head in relation to the pelvis, which are little known but, in his opinion, are worthy of attention.

The author performed experimental research on the toxicosis of pregnancy.

0.5 cc of glycerol placenta extract injected intracardially has no effect, but the same 0.5 cc of extract + 0.5 cc of fresh human serum after 15-60 seconds causes a typical shock in the pig if the pig is not pregnant. Normal placenta extract has no such effect.

Pielitis in its pure form is rare, and usually the kidney itself is involved in the disease. The disease predominantly affects primiparous women. Premature arbitrary delivery is observed in 30% of all cases.

The author, considering the causes of egg implantation in the tube, believes that they may lie either in the properties of the egg itself, or in the peculiarities of the tube. The properties of the egg itself, leading to its implantation in the tube, are reduced to the excess of vital energy in it, which causes its prematurely achieved ability to graft. On the side of the tube, the main etiological points. R. considers the formation of diverticula and adhesion of certain folds of the tubal mucosa, with developmental abnormalities underlying these features of the tube.

The author cites the basic principles he adheres to in the treatment of abortions. K. considers only heavy bleeding to be an indication for active therapy, and he considers medication therapy with simultaneous cervical and vaginal tamponade to be the best course of action.

The author traced the clinic material from January 1, 1911, to July 1, 1926. During this period there were a total of 25,000 women in labor, of whom 1,550 gave atonic hemorrhages with blood loss of 600 to 1,400 cst. A study of the frequency of bleeding by year and also according to the age of the women in labor yielded very interesting results.

A total of 1104 patients were treated. Free of recurrence within 5 years 23.5 i.e. 21.3%. 206 were operated on, the rest were treated with X-ray and radium. Of those who were operated on within 5 years 40.79% were free of recurrence, most of them underwent prophylactic X-rays.

For stagnant vesicles, the authors recommend sprinkling, and if it is not successful after 24 hours, uterine drainage.

The author used a sheep sperm vaccine to control unwanted pregnancies. A total of 270 women were inoculated, divided into several groups, depending on the strength of the vaccine used.

To make the dilation of the cervical canal painless, the author recommends making 4-6 injections into the outermost layer of the cervical myometrium, around the canal; the needle should thus penetrate deep into 3-4 centimeters, and 40-50 cc of ½ % novocaine solution with suprarenin is injected this way; pain relief comes in 5 minutes.

According to Sahler, the cause of dysmenorrhea in those cases where there are no gross mechanical obstacles to the outflow of menstrual blood lies in the convulsive contractions of the uterine muscles under the influence of various factors, both constitutional and endocrine in nature, and neuropsychological, acting through the autonomic nervous system.

On the basis of both his own studies and data from a number of Moscow researchers and literary material, Prof. Y. A. Finkelstein came to a number of conclusions regarding this microbe.

According to experiments of A. M. Kalinin and O. F. Fahlberg, after preliminary sensitization of the conjunctiva with bile, it is possible to obtain blenorrhea in about one third of rabbits.

The author describes keratoderma in a patient with gonorrhoeal knee and ankle joint disease.

The author suggests "chemical" uterine extirpation for inoperable cases of uterine body cancer.