If the determination of arterial blood pressure has entered clinical use as an indispensable method for the recognition and interpretation of various diseases, the same cannot be said about the determination of venous blood pressure. Only the first steps are still being taken.

Surgical treatment of extrapulmonary tbe in the form of excisions for lupus, resections for bone and joint lesions, incisions and gland extirpations, etc., usually gave such results whose dubiousness made most surgeons think twice. The statistics of the former surgical clinics fully convince us of this.

In No. 35 of "Nov. Khir. Arch.", the article of Prof. Brzhozovsky entitled "Preliminary ligation of the splenic artery as a way to limit blood loss during removal of the spleen" was published in 1926. In this article the author proposes to perform double-moment vessel ligation during splenectomy, i.e. to ligate first the splenic artery and then, some time later, after the outflow of blood from the organ through the veins, to ligate these latter ones as well. Thus, the essence of this method is to cause the outflow of blood from the spleen through the spleen veins by ligating the spleen artery and thus to save blood in the spleen for the organism.

Every surgeon nowadays can, of course, relatively easily perform a laminectomy by one method or another. However, any simplification of technique in surgery should always be desirable. It seems to me that the easiest way to perform this operation can be as Leriche has suggested since the decision that bone grafting is unnecessary here. I have always done it this way myself and before Leriche's publication. 

Numerous studies have proven the undoubted participation of the normal, not irritated eye in the general immunity of the body. However, the antibody content in the tissues and fluids of the eye appeared to be extremely low. Under conditions of eye irritation, especially during punctures of the anterior chamber and vitreous body, the number of antibodies increases greatly, and some of them appear in the chamber humor and vitreous body only for the first time under these conditions.

If uterine hernias in general are a rare phenomenon, then even rarer are hernias of the pregnant uterus. In reviewing the Russian literature on obstetrics, I encountered descriptions of only two cases of this kind, observed by Rozanov and Tipyakov. In the case of the first author there was an inguinal hernia hanging down to his knees; the pregnancy ended in spontaneous delivery of a stillborn fetus. Unfortunately, I could get acquainted with this case only from a brief abstract; I could not obtain the author's dissertation, in which this case is apparently described in more detail. In Tinyakov's case there was an abdominal hernia with the phenomena of impingement; the pregnancy was in its fifth month; due to the presence of signs of impingement, the author performed perineal resection, dissected the hernia ring and repositioned the uterus, after which the pregnancy safely reached its end.

In 1918, Dandy proposed, in order to diagnose various brain processes and especially tumors, to inject air into the lateral ventricles of the brain as a contrasting mass for X-rays. The ground for such an idea was sufficiently prepared by that time. Beginning in 1904, Neisser promoted his brain punctures as a method of biopsy of brain tissue. Neisser's proposal won the recognition of such authorities as Köttner, Förster, Cushing and shattered the prevailing fear of such interventions on brain tissue.

Anomalies of human body development come into the clinician's field of view usually only when a variant of structural abnormality takes beyond the so-called healthy state the function of the improperly developing organ and sometimes others, topically or functionally related to it. In most cases, the pathogenesis of such diseases is obvious, and individual forms are of interest only from the point of view of symptomatology.

The works of R. Magnus and his students in Utrecht discovered and developed the doctrine of special reflexes accompanied by a change in tone depending on the position of the head, neck, torso and members in space. These reflexes, which are called tonic, labyrinth and cervical reflexes, are caused by proprioceptive stimulation coming either from the muscles of the neck (Brondgeest and Shérington) or from the labyrinth (Ewald).

The cervical and labyrinthine reflexes discovered and studied by Magnus and his school open a new chapter in neuropathology. Inferior in simplicity to tendon and skin reflexes, they, nevertheless, quite naturally appear under certain conditions. To discover them in the clinic, it is necessary to look for them more thoroughly, to see them more or less incontrovertibly at least once, to learn to discover them where there are only their rudiments. The conditions under which they appear in patients are extremely complicated and have been studied very little.

Recently, pathological and anatomical studies of Russian and foreign neuropathologists have established the undoubted fact that changes found in partial epilepsy are not only in the motor cortical zone of the large brain, but also in all parts of the large brain, in particular, in subcortical nodes (and, possibly, in the medulla oblongata, Volland). My teacher, Prof. A. V. Favorsky, drew attention to this in his last work on partial epilepsy (Kaz. Med. Magazine, 1926, No. 5-6).

The question of the supposed connection between epilepsy and tetany has been enriched by new facts during the last decade. Experimental researches of Vollmer, Bisgard, Noervig and others have established distinct violations of parathyroid glands activity in epilepsy. According to Fischer and Leyser materials, both tetany and epilepsy in adults develop on the basis of abnormal spasmophilic constitution.

For the first time his observations on the effect of hyperventilation on epileptics Foerster presented at the 24th C'ezd of the Society of German Physicians in Innsbruck, in October 1924. In his report he pointed out that in epileptics hyperventilation often (of 45 epileptics in 25) causes an immediate seizure, noted the stereotype of the seizure in each epileptic, and the importance of the method of hyperventilation for establishing the diagnosis of epilepsy. Foerster also established the fact that traumatic epilepsy differs from other forms in relation to hyperventilation, and that the method of hyperventilation can be used in doubtful cases to clarify the diagnosis of epilepsy.

In 1924, in the report of one of us, made at the conference of doctors of the Pyatigorsk resort polyclinic, and in 1925, in a report by Dr. A. B. Rabinovich, a former employee of the Saratov Clinic, made at the Saratov Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists named after L. O. Darkshevich, two characteristic cases of combined diseases of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord were described, with a modern illumination of the pathogenesis of this disease, called by Henneberg's myelosis; in one of these cases the etiological point of the disease was lues, in the other avitaminosis.

During the last two years in the Kazan Psychiatric Clinic and partly in the Kazan District Psychiatric Hospital we have treated paraplegics with both malaria and recurrences. The number of our cases is very small: only 14 cases of malaria and 10 cases of recurrence, most of which have been treated for several months to a year; in view of the fact that the general results in our cases differ little from the material already known in the literature, it would be hardly worth mentioning them, if it were not for the special feature of the material which we used in the case of recurrence.

Social and economic conditions of life, occupational pests, syphilization and drug addiction increasing in the population, the negative sides of civilization, natural disasters, wars, revolutions, etc., place increased demands on our neuropsychic sphere, which it is not always able to fulfill. Hence a rapidly increasing neuropsychic degeneracy with a great number of borderline conditions, degenerative constitutions and reactive forms.

Kretschmer's doctrine of the correlation between physique and character overlooks a question that lies in the plane of similar correlations, namely, that of the correlation between motor functions and the mental structure of personality. This question attracts much attention these days and must occupy the most legitimate place among other problems included in the study of personality, both healthy and sick. In the latter case, it is worth remembering at least the instructions of Wernicke (2), who opined that "the general pathology of mental diseases consists in nothing else than in peculiarities of motor behavior".

The author investigated on 103 cadavers and 200 radiographs the topographic location of the stomach. According to the author, in the location of the latter we should distinguish: 1) direction of the longus, 2) position of the cardiae and 3) position of the pylorus. Three main types of gastric location can be distinguished: vertical, horizontal and oblique transitional.

According to studies by A. Ya. Zholkevich, x-rays, like radium rays, suppress vital functions in bacteria: they inhibit their growth and pigment development, slow down and stop their movement. At the same time, different bacteria exhibit different, both individual and species sensitivity to Röntgen's rays.

Heavy metals introduced into the body in one way or another act bactericidally by combining with bacterial albumin. On this basis, Rausch Zoltan used iontophoresis with the introduction of copper salts for boils.

The author reports on one infant whose mother was exposed to intense light at 3 or 4 months of gestation.

Diathermy gives the best results in cases of chest pain with slightly elevated blood pressure, but without sharply expressed phenomena of weakness of the heart muscle. When the blood pressure is low, some improvement can be achieved, but the effect is less good.

The author observed the development of true diabetes in a patient treated for acute colitis with adrenaline enemas. At first the disease was amenable to atropinization, then it stopped responding to the latter and quickly led to death.

The author recommends intravenous infusions of glucose solution together with subcutaneous insulin injections for surgical shock.

The author used mixed culture filtrate, a Citron's topovaccine, in acute surgical infections and abscesses (over 150 cases). The success rate was 80%.

The author considers the use of grape sugar as a medicinal and food substance an ideal way to treat nephritis.

Nobl, reviewing the technique of this operation, considers high ligation of v. saphenae usually used by surgeons unnecessary. Hirsch contradicts him by pointing out that this operation can by no means be considered a completely safe intervention, and that it should not be undertaken without prior high ligation of the v. saphenae.

According to Bleikman, provocative injections of milk (3-5 cSt) are a valuable diagnostic method for recognizing gastric and duodenal ulcers and chronic appendicitis.

According to observations by Prof. D. P. Grinev in some diseases of the oral cavity spirochaetes occur in large numbers and may be specific pathogens of these diseases, in others, they either do not occur at all, or they are found in small numbers.

The author distinguishes between stomach turning (torsio) and stomach twisting (volvulus) leading to gastric obstruction. A turn of the stomach is an increase in its physiological movement, it never leads to violent phenomena. Gastric volvulus can be either in the longitudinal or transverse direction. Its predisposing moments are the condition of the ligaments of the stomach, overfilling of the latter, increased peristalsis and antiperistalsis, bloating of the bowels, diaphragmatic hernia and paralysis of the diaphragm. Abdominal tension, vomiting, and trauma may be external causes of the twist.

The author recommends to diagnose the early stages of iridocyclitis, which is sometimes very difficult to recognize in these stages, based on the presence of pain during accomodation.

The author cites the results of 600 operations of this kind performed at the Hildebrand Clinic.

The author suggests treating purulent fistulas of the lacrimal sac, as well as lupus and carcinomatous processes in this area, with Necrolysin, a drug that has a strong proteolytic action, thus destroying the granulations that support the suppuration.

The author used partial von Deusk'a antigen in the treatment of iritis, chorioiditis, kerato-con'yunctivitis and other eye lesions of tbc nature per os, and of 50 cases treated in this way he obtained cure in 11, improvement in 27, relapse in 6 and no result in 6.

Автор рекомендует для лечения ангины Plaut-Vincent’a и др. спириллозных заболеваний рта спироцит—препарат Ehrlich’a № 594. Препарат этот был испробован рядом авторов, особенно в затяжных и не поддававшихся лечению случаях, с хорошим терапевтическим эффектом.

Treatment must be started as early as possible, while there are still no organic changes. For success, complete isolation of the patient from both other patients and her relatives is necessary, and this isolation must continue for several days even after cure. Prediction is favorable in neurasthenia; on the contrary, acceleration of the pulse is unfavorable.

Based on the idea that pregnant women usually lose the ability to conceive again, and that the main factor causing changes in the pregnant woman's body is the altered ovary during pregnancy, S.M. Pavlenko set up a series of experiments with administration of (subcutaneous) to female mice and rabbits an extract from the ovaries of pregnant cows.

According to S. M. Rubashev, the stomatogenic-canalicular theory, which considers parotitis as a retentive disease, is valid only for rare cases of this disease.

The author notes the identity of the picture of warts on the oral mucosa with syphilitic papules so often observed here. The ease of confusion of these two diseases makes it necessary to pay special attention to the differential diagnosis, supporting it with microscopic examination.

King studied liver function in toxicosis of pregnancy by means of a color test with bromsulfalein, which proved to be suitable for the differential diagnosis of nephritic and preeclampsic conditions. There is complete correspondence between the results of the test and the clinical data.

In cases of praeclampsia, on a par with the usual sedativa, the authors administer intravenously 20 cc. 10% magnesium sulfate solution intravenously. If the blood pressure does not decrease, the injections are repeated. If eclampsia has already developed, injections should be started as early as possible and repeated after one hour, if the blood pressure does not fall, and seizures continue.

The author conducted two series of deliveries for comparison, of which in one series the pituitary extract was injected when bleeding appeared, and in the other series it was injected prophylactically intravenously in a dose of 1.0 pituglandol 5 min after delivery and again 20 min later if there was no complete separation of the placenta.

The author studied 61 epileptics, asking himself 8 questions: 1) how does epilepsy affect pregnancy? 2) how does pregnancy affect epilepsy? 3) What is the fate of the children? The effect of epilepsy on pregnancy is small: it does not cause abortions or premature births. On the contrary, pregnancy can cause seizures of cured epilepsy to reappear, and the existing condition can worsen markedly.

Of the total number of patients, 7 died, giving a high mortality rate of 70%. The disease is more dangerous for multiple births.

The author distinguishes between "highly virulent" microbes, which have the ability to grow in foreign blood as well as in the blood of their host, "virulent" microbes, which grow only in foreign blood but not in the blood of their host, which has a sufficient number of anti-bodies, and finally, "avirulent" microbes, which have no ability to grow in blood at all.

The author found that low-dose x-ray therapy (the author used 15-20% NED) is a valuable way to treat inflammatory processes in the female genital area.

The authors confirm the prognostic value of the intradermal reaction with streptococcal culture filtrates they tested on obstetric patients.

Dunn and Neal's statistics place Pfeiffer's bacillus fourth among the causative agents of purulent meningitis, while Pelfort found this agent in 7 cases of 26 meningitis in children under 3 years old and puts it second after meningococcus.

Studying the material relating to 45 cases of bronchiectasia in order to find out the main characteristic features of this disease to differentiate it from tbc, the author found that the chronic inflammatory fibrous process leading to bronchiectatic enlargements extends simultaneously to the bronchial walls, interstitial lung tissue and pleura, and that the most frequent localization of bronchiectasias is the lower lobe.

According to E. T. Salkindson, physical therapy occupies an especially honorable place in children's practice, since it is in children that physical agents act exceptionally well and quickly. Physical therapy of diseases of childhood differs from that of adults in its methodology and dosage.