The name of Vasily Ivanovich Razumovsky is well known to Russian doctors and the general public. Almost half a century of tireless and versatile work of his as a scientist, professor, surgeon and public figure, has created him a wide popularity, quite unusual for scientific figures. V.I.'s name is also well known far beyond our country, abroad, as a great scientist who enriched the surgical science with valuable contributions and created a school of numerous pupils.
The question about the conditions of the origin of blood vessel thrombosis, despite thorough elaboration, continues to cause controversy, in which the most eminent pathologists of our time participate. The main conditions for the origin of thrombosis are known to be three things: 1) slowing down of blood flow, 2) changes in the vascular wall and 3) changes in the state of blood. However, none of these conditions is of absolute importance.
Experiments with testicular transplantation were first performed by Wechthold, in 1849, in roosters with good functional results. Subsequently, experiments of many researchers (Mantegazza and Vizzozero, Herlitzka, Jode, Zolachos, Ribbert) on various animals (frogs, roosters and males) revealed that transplanted organs degenerate little by little and finally completely disappear.
The question of the relationship of the endocrine glands, and in particular the adrenal glands, to immunity has not yet been finally resolved: while some authors recognize only the indirect importance of the endocrine organs in the fight against infection, given the extremely extensive biological role of these organs in the life of the animal body, others are inclined to seek a more direct relationship, allowing their participation or in the production of antithelials, or in the neutralization of bacterial toxins.
We know that bacteria, infusoria and other unicellular organisms, if provided with suitable external conditions, nutrient material, temperature, appropriate reaction of the medium (pH), etc., can live indefinitely. Each such cell, having reached a certain growth, divides into two daughter, living cells. There is no question of death here. The cell "dissolves into offspring" without leaving a corpse. Therefore, we believe that all protozoan organisms are potentially immortal.
Most of the authors who admit the existence of a latent form of malaria require the following conditions to prove it: 1) intermittency of seizures, 2) their rapid disappearance from quinine, and 3) signs of chronic malaria preceding or accompanying the disease, with Laveran considering microscopic examination of the blood the best means for diagnosis.
The physiological significance of the thyroid gland cannot still be considered fully elucidated. The starting point for determining its function is still the opposition of the clinical image of basid disease to that of myxedema.
Pathological processes in the gallbladder, duodenum and stomach on the one hand, and in the internal genitalia of women on the other, indeed often create a clinical picture of a disease full of uncertainties. In looking for a solid basis for practical measures, sometimes obviously urgent, in such cases, not without good reason, the surgeon fixes his attention, among others, on a possible disease of the appendix of the appendix. In other cases, the inflammatory process in the appendix itself, accompanied by symptoms not quite peculiar to this disease, does not allow to exclude the possibility of disease also in the mentioned areas above and below the appendix.
Despite the rarity of renal trauma, the importance and seriousness of the latter is very great and stands in opposite relation to the frequency of these cases. This circumstance prompts us to describe a case of traumatic rupture of the kidney, which is still of interest due to its etiology, pathogenesis and indications for surgery.
I have not encountered in the literature a description of the method of rhinoplasty, which I myself have developed and successfully applied on 11 patients, so I describe it here. I would like to point out that I have recently seen one patient operated on twice in a similar way more than 10 years ago; his nose is very good and the patient is satisfied with it; unfortunately, the others have disappeared from observation, but they all had very good immediate results.
The main conditions for obtaining a strong synostosis are a wide, intimate contact of the bony surfaces and their firm fixation. It is most difficult to meet these requirements for arthrodesis of the large globular (shoulder and hip) joints.
Although considerable progress has been made in the study of ectopic pregnancy, particularly in relation to the development of the pathological anatomy of this disorder, there is still much controversy in this chapter of gynecology as well. Not to mention the various details of etiology that have not been fully elucidated, there is not complete unanimity in the authors' opinions even on the main issues of ectopic pregnancy therapy.
X-ray diagnosis and radiotherapy impose great demands on the radiologist - by providing a scientific basis for the effects of this powerful factor on the body, he is often exposed to serious danger: besides occupational injuries, many pioneers in this field from Albers Schönberg to the still fresh victim, Wehrgonier, have paid with their lives for trying to wrest its secrets from nature at the service of man. The radiologist should be even more careful with the patient who has entrusted him his health - the rays are not indifferent, their curative and harmful doses often lie close to each other, and the pursuit to eliminate any cosmetic defect, for example, moustache and beard in women, has not entailed a persistent atrophy of skin and development of telangiectasias.
The issue of blood isoagglutination, i.e. gluing of erythrocytes of an animal of a given species by the serum of another animal of the same species, and the pattern of this phenomenon in the modern literature is very well developed in view of the great interest which the study of this phenomenon represents for various fields of science: biology, anthropology, the study of heredity, internal and forensic medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. The isoagglutination characteristic has gained especially great practical importance in the latest times due to the fact that, as the practice of blood transfusion has shown, without prior establishment of the affiliation of the giving and receiving blood (donor and recipient) to one or another isoagglutination group the application of this therapeutic method cannot take place.
It has recently been exactly 40 years since local anesthesia has been on the right track, and with gradual improvement it has reached such a state that there is nowhere else to go, at least in dental surgery. There is no field in medicine in which anesthesia is as necessary as in dental surgery.
I worked in the clinics in Paris for about four months. Everywhere I met here a most cordial welcome; the doors of the clinics were wide open for visits and work. In recent years, Paris has been, perhaps even more than Berlin, a center to which physicians from all parts of the world go to improve their skills. Throughout the year, cycles of refresher courses in all specialties and even in individual subspecialties are continually organized here.
There was a time when one single living cancer cell was considered sufficient for cancer metastasis to occur. Later studies by Rhoda Erdmann proved that transfer, not only of epithelial cells, but also of stromal cells was necessary for the formation of metastasis.
The authors were convinced that subjects belonging to groups I, III, and IV of isogemagglutination do not reveal, contrary to the claims of some authors, any constitutional predisposition to malignant neoplasms in general and cancer in particular.
Even from the long-known fact that the heart of a vertebrate, when cut out, can beat outside the body for various periods of time, it follows that all the conditions for its spontaneous activity are hidden in the heart itself.
The authors isolated from the nasopharynx of influenza patients a diplostreptococcus, which is adjacent to the group of hemolytic streptococci in its morphological and biological properties.
The author immunized guinea pigs with glycerol smallpox vaccine intradermally, subcutaneously and in the testicle. After 4 weeks, they were tested in allergic reaction with virulent vaccine heated to 80° for ½ hour and with crude lymph. The results were evaluated after 24 hours.
The author believes, based on his research, that the giants with peripheral nuclei located in the tubercles in tbc develop in the same way as the tubercles themselves, i.e. first there is a fusion of epithelioid cells, then the proliferation of nuclei and, finally, central cottage cheese necrosis.
The author finds that along with the lightning forms of this disease, where apparently all therapy is powerless, there are forms in which it is still possible to fight, and in this fight must come to the aid of a weakening organism, using a combined treatment.
The author examined bacteriologically 50 goiters, of which only 3 were sterile, 31 times streptococci, 5 times pneumococci, 2 times Welehs bacilli, 7 times staphylococci, and once each backpyocyaneus and micrococcus tetragenus were found.
Körner's antiplococcal serum has a significant therapeutic effect in cases of pure pneumococcal pneumonia: its mortality rate decreases dramatically, the rate of complications also decreases, the duration of the disease is reduced, the temperature falls more quickly, the patients' well-being improves the day after injection, pain and shortness of breath disappear, cough becomes smaller and pulse is less frequent, diuresis increases, the resolution process in lungs is more often accelerated, etc.
Dietetic treatment of severe forms of tbc, if carried out systematically, yields, as Sauerbruch, Hermansdörfer, and Gerson testify, excellent results.
Pernicious anemia can have a prolonged course of hypochromic anemia, changing only shortly before death into hyperchromic anemia. The blood picture of this disease may differ little from that of usual hypochromic anemia, so called secondary anemia.
As is known, this term in the literature refers to the difference in pulsation of the radial or carotid arteries, which is based on the obstruction to blood flow on one side. Pulsus differens is observed in aneurysms of the aorta, atherosclerosis of the aorta and other large vessels.
The operation of tearing out the n. phrenici is used in the lungs in the same way as an artificial pneumothorax, i.e. in order to give the corresponding lung, especially its lower part, rest and release it from compression.
The author found that the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis increases sharply in persons of both sexes at puberty, with women having an earlier incidence than men.
The author considers salvarsan to be the best treatment for pernicious anemia, even in cases where the origin of the latter is not related to lues.
The authors were convinced that in patients with consumption, the exudative and productive processes in the lungs can already improve so much with ordinary hygienic-dietetic treatment that this can be stated by X-ray (lucidity of earlier shaded, due to infiltration, areas).
The authors argue that the correct diagnosis of a fracture can only be made with X-rays, and only under the control of the latter can proper reduction of bone fragments be achieved.
The authors utilized the property of the cerebral appendage extract to induce smooth muscle contractions to expel kidney stones, recommending this remedy for renal colic.
In autotransplantation of cartilage, A. Manheim and B. Zypkin found a number of degenerative and regenerative processes in the latter, depending on many conditions. A significant role for the viability of a cartilage transplant is played by the place of transplantation - transplanted cartilage has greater viability in the soft parts than, for example, on the skull, and greater among the muscles than in the skin.
The author considers autodrainage of cerebral ventricles to be the best method of surgical treatment of cerebral dropsy. The gland, in the author's opinion, is the most reliable and correct material for such drainage, the material providing permanent, good ventricular emptying.
Автор обращает внимание на переломы ребер, наблюдающиеся иногда под влиянием самых ничтожных причин, каковы кашель, чиханье и т. п. Обыкновенно принято думать, что такие переломы встречаются чрезвычайно редко, но очень возможно, что, если им будет уделяться больше внимании со стороны врачей,— этот взгляд изменится.
On the basis of literature data and his own case, the author believes that non-parasitic spleen cysts are rare. Favourable conditions for the development of this disease are malaria, typhoid, syphilis, spleen dislocation and trauma.
According to the author, the best way to treat arteriosclerosis is to use the old remedy sodium iodide.
In order to prevent clotting of blood taken from the ulnar vein during autohemotherapy, Graef advises to proceed as follows: the surgeon should have Na citrici solution on hand and three syringes of 10 to 20 cc each. The first syringe, rinsed with sodium citric acid solution, is inserted into the ulnar vein, after which it, filled with blood, without the needle remaining in the vein at all times, is passed to an assistant for hypodermic injection. Meanwhile, the surgeon draws blood from the vein with a second syringe and hands it back to the assistant. In this way, this small operation can be performed quickly and without complications.
The author cites 117 cases of perforative peritonitis treated with abdominal lavage with hydrochloric acid pepsin, with fatal outcome observed in 15 cases (12.8%), whereas 164 cases treated without lavage resulted in 57 deaths, i.e. 34.8%.
The author again raises the question of the value of Рlummer's method of treating basid disease with iodine. This method turned out to be untenable because iodine was used improperly - in too high doses and with unsuitable forms of the disease.
According to Lissko's report, in the I Eye Clinic in Budapest, autohemotherapy was tried in a number of cases where other methods of protein therapy, milk in particular, proved to be useless. These included cases of iridocyclitis and uveitis in which, although the etiology was completely unclear, treatment with mercury, NaCl injections and tuberculin remained unsuccessful as well.
The author drew attention to the striking phenomenon that among patients with syphilitic eye lesions, a significant number were completely unaware of their specific infection. The reporter had 762 cases.
The corpus luteum of the ovary contains two antagonist hormones: one inhibits ovulation and menstruation, the other, on the contrary, accelerates these processes within certain limits. The first of them in non-pregnant females does not cause hypertrophy of the sexual apparatus, the second causes significant hypertrophy.
Cultures of trichomonads were obtained by Andrews on medium consisting of Loeffler's blood serum (0.5), NaCl (0.7), Na citrici (1.0) and water (1000 kc). The presence of O or CO2 is not important. Cultures grow best if the medium is isolated from the air by a layer of paraffin oil.
According to Fischer-Ascher'a such treatment in the clinic of Hermann was applied in 18 cases of optic atrophy in tabiki, and the patients were injected partly under the skin, partly intravenously 4-8 cc of malarial blood, taken during the attack.
Considering modern methods of serological and biological diagnostics of pregnancy, the authors give the greatest importance to Frank'a-Nothmann's method of food glycosuria, whose technique they have modified as follows: in the morning the urine is tested for sugar content; instead of breakfast the patient receives a solution of grape sugar at the rate of 7.5 g per 10 pounds of body weight, but not more than 150.0 g, then the urine is tested one hour later by Fehling's method.
In a study of 500 children aged from 6 months to 9 years the author found a significant predominance of coccus forms in the vaginal secretion. In 73 girls aged from 10 to 15 years old he found the same pattern in the flora during the observation period of 5-22 weeks. With age the content of b. vaginalis increases with age and becomes predominant from the age of 13.
Based on the accurate determination of the age of embryos, the author concluded that in almost half of all cases conception falls in the first half of the interval between menstruations.