The reaction of a dead muscle was for the first time discovered by the famous chemist Bercelius as acidic, and this understanding of muscle reaction was kept until Du-Bois-Reymond, who proved an alkaline reaction on litmus of a resting muscle; he explained the observed cases of undoubted acid reaction of the latter either by decay of muscle tissue, or its death and rigor, or by its active tension, work. Although such an explanation was contradicted by the experiments of Du-Bois-Reymond in which he obtained an alkaline reaction in inactive muscles killed by him in boiling water, but the ideas about the reaction of the muscle that came from the time of Du-Bois-Reymond have survived to this day.

In the last decade, due to the pandemic spread of malaria in Europe, this disease has once again attracted the attention of pathologists and anatomists. A number of new studies have appeared, dealing mainly with questions either of the melanin structure, or of the involvement of reticuloendothelial tissue in the malaria process, or of changes in the brain. As a result of recent studies, a number of authors have noted a peculiar reaction of gliosis tissue with the character of a granulomatous process.

The task of the clinic is, if possible, to determine the onset of this pathology in the cardiac work. If we and Germans usually speak about sufficiency and insufficiency of the heart, about its compensation and decompensation, these values of the limiting and definite order, the French school puts the question more precisely, treating hyposystoles and asystoles. In recent years, especially much attention has been paid to this clarification of the definition of the state of heart dysfunction.

Functional diagnostics of the liver by means of dyes became possible and gave practically valuable results only with introduction into practice of duodenal probe, allowing to follow excretion of dyes by bile directly at the patient's bedside. Some authors (Rosenthal, Falkenhausen, etc.) used blue, others (Lehne, Hatieganu, Hesse, Wörner, etc.) used indigo carmine for this purpose, and others (Rosenthal, Ryzhikh and Slastnikov) used phenoltetrachlorophthalein and phenoltetrabromophthalein.

The causes of hydronephrosis are known to be various obstructions to the outflow of urine, arising in one or another part of the urinary tract, starting from the kidney and ending with the urethra. Depending on whether these obstacles appear to be congenital or acquired, two forms of hydronephrosis are distinguished - congenital and acquired, and, however, it is not always possible to draw an exact boundary between both of these forms. According to Küster, in 530 cases of hydronephrosis 336 cases had acquired hydronephrosis and 194 cases were probably congenital.

The issue of perforated ulcers of the stomach and duodenum has recently been given much attention both in foreign and in Russian literature, which is explained by significant increase of this severe disease in recent years. Individual authors in foreign literature report dozens, even hundreds of their own observations. Thus, Brütt reports 165 cases of his own, Steichele reports 60 cases from one institution, while the German statistics of Brütt's report 470 cases and Schaemacher's 748 cases; further, the French statistics of Radoievitch's report 718 cases.

Up to the present time we have not had a single sign of separation of the placenta, which would indicate with absolute certainty that the placenta of the woman in labor has already completely separated, and therefore it can be pushed out without danger to the health of the woman. Therefore, in addition to the old, long-known signs of separation of the placenta, such as Schroeder's and Ahlfeld's signs, until very recently, various authors have continually proposed new signs of this kind in the medical press.

The question of the treatment of prolapse of the female genitalia, which has long attracted much attention from specialists and practitioners in general, has in recent years, for obvious reasons, become even more acute and urgent. The war and revolutionary years, experienced by the country, have involved wide circles of women in systematic physical work, often excessively hard, and medical and, in particular, obstetrical, assistance has at the same time decreased quantitatively and lowered qualitatively. That is why the issue of miscarriages began to be discussed with new interest in special literature, at meetings of medical societies and at congresses.

Practice shows that syphilis infection, when it causes progressive paralysis later on, precedes the latter on average 9-12 years. Metasyphilis is known to affect men more often than women. This 2:1 norm seems to have recently increased to a ratio of 4:1 (Bleuler et al.). In Russia, the percentage of progressive paralysis in relation to the total psychosis is 13.8% for men and 4.3% for women according to Zhdanov, or 13.9% and 6% according to Ignatyev.

The importance of examining the cerebrospinal fluid in syphilis is now unquestionable: this was clearly demonstrated at the 14th German Dermatology Congress in Dresden in September 1925, where everyone, as Iordan testified, "demanded the treatment of syphilis under the control of the cerebrospinal fluid examination". This was confirmed by a questionnaire on the treatment of syphilis organized by the editors of the journal Medizinische Klinik, which asked all the most prominent dermatologists for their views on the treatment of syphilis and in particular on the need for a lumbar puncture, the answer to the latter question being all positive.

For physicians working especially in remote places, where hospitals have no devices for disinfecting clothing, linen and bedding, and where there are no means to purchase expensive and cumbersome disinfection chambers for transportation, but where, however, the need for disinfection is acute, I propose a simple device for disinfection, whose construction is feasible anywhere at a low cost. I used this device with success when I was a zemstvo doctor in Vologda province, in a combined hospital during the German war and especially during the civil war, during epidemics of typhus and relapsing typhus and cholera, in district hospitals.

Recently, interesting attempts have been made to study the interaction between tissue elements and tubercle bacilli using the method of tissue cultures. The purpose of these works, published mainly in the American and partly in the German and Russian medical press, was to clarify controversial and dark questions about the histogenesis of the cell elements composing the tubercle tubercle bacillus. As is known, in this field until recently there have been considerable discrepancies between the views of individual researchers.

Leukocytes were obtained from the exudate induced in rabbits by sterile aleuronate injection and subjected to the action of sera of various animals. It turned out that removal of thyroid gland, spleen, ovaries and testicles decreases phagocytic ability of leukocytes. Thyroidectomy has the strongest effect in this respect, testicular removal the weakest.

Antagonism between pancreas and thyroid gland, according to experiments and observations of the author, undoubtedly exists. From here there is a reason to try insulin, with therapeutic purpose, at some diseases of a thyroid gland, especially those which are accompanied by its hyperfunction.

Tissue cultures (chicken embryo heart 8-13 days old) were placed in blood plasma of normal chicken, normal rabbits, and rabbits deprived of thyroid, goiter, and sex glands. Growth of cultures was measured after 24, 48, and 72 hours using a special ocular micrometer. Comparisons were always made with plasma from the same animal before and after surgery.

Analyzing 2 cases of primary liver cancer and 1 case of general carcinomatosis studied clinically and pathologically in detail, in agreement with the literature data the author came to the conclusion that in the etiology of malignant tumors, their growth, development and metastasis the endocrine factor, especially the sex glands and pituitary gland, is often of significant importance.

In Spain, from 1960 to 1907, 77,058 people died of cancer (33,555 men and 43,513 women), with nearly 1/4 being cases of gastric cancer. In England, from 1901 to 1909, 21.4% of men and 14.2% of women died of cancer and other malignancies: of the latter, 22% of uterine cancer and 16.8% of breast cancer.

Based on the fact that uncivilized peoples (Abyssinians, blacks, nomadic Indians) do not get cancer, but develop it when they begin to lead civilized lives, the authors think that the cause of cancer is rooted in some conditions of life, and that these are unique to civilized peoples (food, clothing, etc.).

In pigeons with B avitaminosis, the male sex glands undergo abrupt and rapid atrophy occurring due to fatty degeneration of the generative epithelium; the products of degeneration (fat) are resorbed by interstitial tissue with their subsequent release into the blood.

By methodically smearing the skin of white mice with Donetsk coal tar, the author was able to achieve 100% of the development of the cancer process in animals that survived 100-110 days of irritation with tar.

Having analyzed cases of spontaneous cure of cancer and sarcoma published in the literature, Strauss concludes that while sarcoma is capable of such self-healing, the latter is not observed in cancer, but only partial reversal of tumor development occurs, which has no significance for the final fate of the patient.

The authors suggest that more serious attention than has hitherto been given to the treatment of pernicious anemia should be given to a special, fat-poor diet consisting chiefly of large quantities of liver, fresh vegetables, and fruit. In almost all of the 45 patients who were under their care and were on this diet, the anemia rapidly subsided with a decrease in the jaundice index and an increase in the number of red blood cells.

The author pointed out that heart noises of functional nature lose their character when the forearm is squeezed by the cuff, approaching to normal tones, while noises of organic origin intensify under these conditions. The same applies to vascular valves.

The treatment of feeding by diet alone does not always succeed because of the lack of appetite, as is often the case in tbc patients. In such cases the use of insulin, which, by increasing the appetite, promotes the introduction of large quantities of food, is of great benefit.

Based on his own material and literature data, the author considers quartz lamp to be a powerful tool for treating exudative forms of peritonitis. Productive forms are more difficult to treat.

If patients with peripheral paralysis of n. recurrentis and n. рherinii have neither struma, nor aneurysm, nor signs of malignant neoplasms in the mediastinum, then we should think about the damage of the mentioned nerves from the tuberculous changed lymphatic glands.

While administering Na silicici injections to a patient with open form of tbc, suffering at the same time typical attacks of bronchial asthma, the author accidentally noticed that asthma attacks in this patient in connection with the treatment disappeared and did not recur for 9 months. Further application of these injections in 20 cases of bronchial asthma gave the same favorable results.

The author has obtained excellent results from the use of stryphnonin, a synthetically derived substance representing chemically a preliminary stage of adrenaline, for profuse hemoptysis and pulmonary hemorrhage.

On the basis of a large amount of clinical material, the author concludes that hyperaciditas is accompanied by a decreased content of cholesterol in the blood, and anaciditas, on the contrary, by an increased content of cholesterol.

The authors found that the gastric pain described by Otner, Nace, and Rennen in chronic or cured adhesive pleurisy - mostly of tuberculous origin - is much more common than had been thought.

The authors propose a double technique of gastric function examination, which does not differ much from Kalk's and Katsch's technique. At an interval of one or two days a fractional examination of the gastric contents is made-the first time with water, the second time with caffeine breakfast. Hypacidic and hyperacidic stomachs behave differently in relation to the caffeine breakfast.

The author made a histological study of those layers that are usually connected during surgical treatment of inguinal and femoral hernias, i.e. aponeurotic and muscular. This study convinced him that the fibrous components of the former, i.e. epimysium, perimysium and endomysium, play the main role in connecting the muscle to the fascia.

Fat embolism, based on a review of this issue from a modern point of view, is most often seen at the age of 20-50 years, due to the abundance of liquid fatty acids in the bone marrow at that age. A 30-40 gram fat is enough to cause a fatal embolism.

This is ossophyt (Na glykokolphosphoricum) manufactured by Boehringer in Mannheim. Düker reports two cases of fractures of lower limbs, where after 8 and 4 weeks of unsuccessful treatment with a plaster cast, injections of a 4% aqueous solution of ossophyt in the fracture circumference, made in an amount of 10.0 solution per week (in 1 or 2 instillations) helped very quickly.

Surgical treatment of intussusception in children of 2 months to 2 years of age was performed from 1908 to 1926 in 40 cases by Suermondt. The mortality rate was 37.5%; 16 cases were operated upon within 24 hours, the mortality rate being 6.3%; 10 cases after 24 hours, the mortality rate being 20%; 2 cases after 36 hours, the mortality rate being 50%; 7 cases after 48 hours, the mortality rate 86%; 5 cases after 3 days, the mortality rate 100%.

The author observed a number of cases where there was a peculiar symptom complex consisting of yellow skin (xanthomatosis cutis), severe hypercholesterolemia in the absence of bilirubin, marked hypertension, increased and painful liver, digestive disorders, joint pains, general weakness and neurasthenic phenomena.

Vorschütz in 1923 reported about his method of treatment of postoperative pneumonias by injection of patients' own blood. But his proposal did not meet a great response in the press and, apparently, found few followers why Graser's article, fervently recommending this method and based on a large number of observations, deserves great attention of practitioners.

The author cites 15 cases of pylorospasm treated with brilliant success by pyloroplasty, the latter being carried out partly under general chloroform anesthesia, partly under local Braun's anesthesia.

The author is disappointed in the usual methods of preoperative treatment of Graves' disease. He rejects both resting position, preoperative vascular ligation, and radiotherapy, advising preoperative and postoperative iodine treatment instead.

The author believes that Krönlein-Orlov pharyngotomy makes access to the root of the tongue completely free and allows, in case of its cancerous lesion, extensive removal of submandibular and upper parts of the lateral cervical region of one side along with complete removal of the tongue.

The author reports an exceptional case of benign struma metastasis. The case concerned a 30-year-old woman who had been suffering from a struma without any disorder for 2 years. After childbirth the goiter began to enlarge slightly, and in addition, the patient noticed a tumor in the right frontal area the size of a walnut, closely fused to the bone.

The author particularly recommends 2 ways of closing a senile cataract wound by suture.

The author particularly recommends, as an improvement of this operation, the use of a suture-carrier on the superior rectus muscle. This protects against various complications and especially against vitreous body prolapse, reducing intraocular pressure and immobilizing the eye better than other methods of fixation.

At the 50th meeting of the German Surgical Society Bauer stated that the cause of postoperative tetany can be not only damage of epithelial bodies but also other things. To prove it he cited cases of tetany after operations on organs remote from the neck and having no connection with the thyroid gland, for example, after operations on hemorrhoids, gonitis, etc., on the one hand, and four own cases of preoperative tetany, on the other hand.

The author recommends that after inserting the prolapsed umbilical cord, when immediate extraction of the fetus is impossible or dangerous, a 3 centimeter thick and 20 centimeters long gauze pad be placed between the pelvic wall and the presenting part. In some cases, it is necessary to insert two rolls, one in front and one behind.

The author considers manual removal of fetal egg remains to be as dangerous as, for example, squeezing a boil or carbuncle.

The author tries to answer very important questions for the practitioner, how pregnancy affects Graves' disease, and whether the latter is an indication for abortion. These questions are still debatable, which is why the two cases J. observed are very instructive.

The author verified Voehm's method of differential diagnosis of abdominal tumors and pregnancy by means of intravenous injections of pituglandol, which always cause clear contractions when pregnancy is present.

The author classifies the causes of this anomaly as follows: constitutional anomalies, uterine malformations, uterine diseases, innervation disorders, disorders of a certain group of endocrine glands, and further, causes based on pregnancy, such as uterine muscle distension in multiple pregnancy, in multiple gestation or with a too abundant fetus.

To find out experimentally which conditions favor uterine rupture during childbirth in women who had previously undergone a caesarian section, Lackner performed a series of experiments on 32 goats in which the uterus was incised in one direction or another.