Syntopy of Pulmonary Vein Orifices in the Left Atrium of the Human Heart

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The syntopy of the left atrial (LA) structures is the least studied aspect of the normal heart anatomy. The morphometric data on the position of orifices of the pulmonary veins in the LA walls relative to the adjacent heart structures and heart vessels are important as reference parameters of heart morphology and are needed in the endovascular treatment of atrial fibrillations.

AIM: To establish the general patterns and topospecific peculiarities of the location of the pulmonary vein orifices relative to the oval fossa and orifices of the venae cavae using morphometric methods of anatomical preparations of conventionally normal adult human heart.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty–four wet anatomical preparations of the heart without macroscopic signs of hemodynamically significant cardiac pathology were studied. The preparations were obtained from patients aged 35–89 years who died from diseases not related to heart pathology. LA diastole was modeled by filling its cavity with silicone; after it hardened, the distances from the oval fossa and orifices of the venae cavae to the orifices of the pulmonary veins were measured using sliding calipers.

RESULTS: The article presents variation, medians, and extreme values of distances from the oval fossa and orifices of the venae cavae to the orifices of the pulmonary veins at the site of their opening to LA. The significance of differences of morphometric parameters of the topography was evaluated, and their correlation and one–way regression analyses were implemented. The strongest regression dependence was found for LA width and distance from the orifice of the superior vena cava to the orifice of the left inferior pulmonary vein (Y) r² = 0.45; Х = 19.94 + 0.545Y). The heart dimensions and LA length were not significant predictors for the studied parameters.

CONCLUSION: The right pulmonary veins were located expectedly closer to the orifices of the venae cavae and the oval fossa than the left pulmonary veins. The narrowest was the space between the orifices of the superior vena cava and the right superior pulmonary vein. The farthest from the orifices of both venae cavae was the orifice of the left inferior pulmonary artery. The strongest correlation relationships were characteristic of the distances from the orifices of both venae cavae to the orifices of the homolateral pulmonary veins, which we propose to consider as one of the criteria of the harmoniousness of the structure of the atrial complex.

Keywords

human heart anatomy / heart morphometry / heart / left atrium / pulmonary veins / oval fossa

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