Emerging roles and mechanisms of small nucleolar RNA in cardiovascular diseases: research progress

Abstract

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are increasingly recognized as key regulatory factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD), with functions that extend far beyond the traditional scope of ribosomal RNA modification. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the biology of snoRNAs and their emerging roles in CVD, aiming to provide a clear theoretical framework for their pathogenic mechanisms and clinical significance. We first discuss the biogenesis, classification, and functional diversity of snoRNAs, covering both classical modification roles and non-classical functions such as the regulation of messenger RNA splicing, participation in the DNA damage response, and the generation of snoRNA-derived small RNAs. In CVD, snoRNAs exhibit spatiotemporal dysregulation and are extensively involved in pathological processes ranging from congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathy to coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Specific gene clusters, particularly 14q32 snoRNAs, repeatedly emerge as key regulatory nodes in processes such as vascular remodeling and platelet activation. However, the majority of dysregulated snoRNAs remain orphaned with unknown targets, limiting our understanding of their mechanisms and clinical translation. We emphasize that combining computational modeling with multi-omics approaches can accelerate target identification and functional elucidation. Finally, we systematically examine the opportunities and challenges facing the clinical translation of snoRNA research, including their potential as dynamic biomarkers, limitations of detection technologies, and barriers to therapeutic delivery. By comprehensively reviewing existing evidence and future directions, this review highlights the significant potential of snoRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the precision diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords

RNA, small nucleolar / cardiovascular diseases / biomarkers / RNA processing, post-transcriptional

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