Advancing atherosclerosis research: mouse models as tools for translational applications

Abstract

Atherosclerosis research has been significantly advanced by mouse models, particularly genetically engineered strains such as apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice (Ldlr^-/-). These mouse models replicate the hyperlipidemia-driven plaque pathogenesis, providing critical insights into lipid metabolism, inflammation, and therapeutic responses. Classic models play an important role in validating the effects of lipid-lowering therapies such as statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. There are also some limitations, including species-specific lipoprotein profiles and incomplete replication of advanced human plaque complexity. Novel models have emerged to address these gaps, incorporating features such as hemodynamic stress, humanized lipid metabolism, and inducible gene regulation to complement the inadequacies of classic models, thereby better simulating the multifactorial complexity of atherosclerosis. For example, adeno-associated virus serotype 8 carrying the Pcsk9[D377Y] mutant gene and Ldlr-antisense oligonucleotide mice integrate hemodynamic stress, humanized lipid metabolism, and multifactorial comorbidities. However, there are still some shortcomings, including metabolic disparities, inadequate modeling of plaque rupture/thrombosis, and oversimplification of systemic disease interactions. Future directions prioritize next-generation models featuring humanized lipoprotein profiles, dynamic gene regulation, and combined with metabolic syndrome features. These approaches can be synergized with advanced phenotyping tools—including single-cell omics and intravital imaging—alongside artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics integration. By bridging translational gaps between murine pathophysiology and human disease complexity, these mouse models promise to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis therapies.

Keywords

Atherosclerosis / mouse model / translational application

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