The link between hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia-life-long cardiovascular risk for women

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death and morbidity in women. Despite the active preventive measures and the reduction in the total number of morbidity and mortality rates, the rate of cardiovascular morbidity remains high in the population, moreover cardiovascular morbidity is increased in women of 35-54 years. Cardiovascular morbidity has several unique characteristics for women; pregnancy, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia are gender-specific risk-factors for further cardiovascular morbidity in women, it's possible to detect these risk-factors in younger age groups and start prevention as early as possible. Arterial hypertension, which is characterized by genetic polymorphism, is an important and a powerful risk factor for development of both acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases; association of arterial hypertension with different metabolic disorders suah as metabolic syndrome, diabetes seems particularly dangerous in pregnancy in terms of peri-pregnancy and life-long morbidity. Preeclampsia shares some common features with atherogenesis and metabolic changes and atherogenesis and metabolic changes, so presence of hypertension during pregnancy increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes later in the life. Is pregnancy revealing or predisposing factor of development cardiovascular diseases is not still clear and to answer these questions more and more studies are required.

Keywords

Arterial hypertension / women / pregnancy / cardiovascular risk

References

[1] Mozaffarian D,Go AS,Blaha MJ.Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association..Circulation2015;131:e29-322

[2] Khan K,Say L,Van Look PF.WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review..Lancet2006;367:1066-74

[3] Mosca L,Berra K,Dolor RJ.Effectiveness based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women-2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association..Circulation2011;123:1243-62 PMCID:PMC3182143

[4] Shalimova A.Heart and vascular remodeling in essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes is dependent on genetic polymorphisms..Vessel Plus2017;1:84-90

[5] Bilovol O.Predictors of hormonal and metabolic disorders of arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus comorbidity..Vessel Plus2017;1:22-8

[6] Roberts JM,Bakris G,Bernstein IM.Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American college of obstetricians and gynecologists’ task force on hypertension in pregnancy..Obstet Gynecol2013;122:1122-31

[7] Duley L.The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia..Semin Perinatol2009;33:130-7

[8] Mancia G,Narkiewicz K,Zanchetti A.2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension..Journal of Hypertension2013;31:1281-357

[9] Gifford RW,Cunningham G,Lindheimer MD.Report of the national high blood pressure education program working group on high blood pressure in pregnancy..Am J Obstet Gynecol2000;183:S1-22

[10] ACOG technical bulletinHypertension in pregnancy. Number 219--January 1996 (replaces no. 91, February 1986). Committee on Technical Bulletins of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists..Int J Gynaecol Obstet1996;53:175-83

[11] Melchiorre K,Liberati M.Preeclampsia is associated with persistent postpartum cardiovascular impairment..Hypertension2011;58:709-15

[12] Abalos E,Grosso AL,Say L.Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review..Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2013;170:1-7

[13] Mackillop L.Pre-eclampsia: reducing the risk with calcium supplements..BMJ Clin Evid2015;2015:1402 PMCID:PMC4671487

[14] Reyes LM,Ruiz SL,Aroca G.Angiogenic imbalance and plasma lipid alterations in women with preeclampsia from a developing country..Growth Factors2012;30:158-66

[15] Grandi SM,Reynier P,Platt RW.Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease..Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol2017;31:412-21

[16] McDonald SD,Zhou Q.Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses..Am Heart J2008;156:918-30

[17] Bellamy L,Hingorani AD.Preeclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis..BMJ2007;335:974 PMCID:PMC2072042

[18] Sabiri B,Salmi S,Miguil M.Post-partum eclampsia: epidemiology and prognosis..Journal de Gynecologie Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction2007;36:276-80

[19] Regitz-Zagrosek V,Bauersachs J,Cifkova R.2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy..Eur Heart J2018;39:3165-241

[20] Wagner l.Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia..Am Fam Physician2004;70:2317-24

[21] Parra-Cordero M,Preisler J,Soto-Chacón E.Role of the glucose tolerance test as a predictor of preeclampsia..Gynecol Obstet Invest2014;78:130-5

[22] Powe CE,Karumanchi SA.Preeclampsia, a disease of the maternal endothelium: the role of antiangiogenic factors and implications for later cardiovascular disease..Circulation2011;21:2856-69 PMCID:PMC3148781

[23] Larsen WI,Farley JH.Risk factors for late postpartum preeclampsia..J Reprod Med2012;35-8

[24] Karumanchi SA.How does smoking reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia?.Hypertension2010;1100-1 PMCID:PMC2855389

[25] Bartsch E.,Park AL.Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies..BMJ2016;353:i1753 PMCID:PMC4837230

[26] McCormick AS,Wee MY.Visual disturbances and seizures associated with pregnancy: a diagnostic dilemma and the role of radiological techniques as an aid to diagnosis..Int J Obstet Anesth1999;8:184-8

[27] Saxena N,Nandanwar Y.Maternal and perinatal outcome in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia..International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and ynecology.2016;5:2171-6

[28] PSantos R,Modesto FG.Late-onset postpartum eclampsia: still a diagnostic dilemma..Hong Kong Med J2008;14:60-3

[29] Munjuluri N,Valentine A,Maclean AB.Postpartum eclampsia of late onset..BMJ2005;331:1070 PMCID:PMC1283194

[30] Sibai BM.Etiology and management of postpartum hypertension-preeclampsia..Am J Obstet Gynecol2012;206:470-5

[31] Al-Safi Z,Filetti LC,Bahado-Singh ROMBA.Delayed postpartum preeclampsia and eclampsia demographics, clinical course, and complications..Awonuga, MDObstet Gynecol2011;118:1102-7

[32] Douglas AKG.Eclampsia in the United Kingdom..British Medical Journal1994;309:1395-1400 PMCID:PMC2541348

[33] Simcox LE,Tower C.Pulmonary thrombo-embolism in pregnancy: diagnosis and management..Breathe2015;11:282-9 PMCID:PMC4818214

[34] Vilchez G,Leon-Peters J,Argoti P.Differences in clinical presentation and pregnancy outcomes in antepartum preeclampsia and new-onset postpartum preeclampsia: Are these the same disorder?.Obstet Gynecol Sci2016;6:434-43 PMCID:PMC5120062

[35] Stuart JJ,Cook NR,Missmer SA.Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction..J Am Coll Cardiol2018;72:1252-63 PMCID:PMC6136445 [Available on 2019-09-11]

[36] Breetveld NM,van Kuijk S,van der Vlugt MJ.Cardiovascular disease risk is only elevated in hypertensive, formerly preeclamptic women..BJOG2015;122:1092-100

[37] Bokslag A,Franssen C,Kamp O.Effect of early-onset preeclampsia on cardiovascular risk in the fifth decade of life..Am J Obstet Gynecol2017;216:523.e1-523

[38] Ros HS,Bellocco R,Cnattingius S.Pulmonary embolism and stroke in relation to pregnancy: how can high-risk women be identified?.Am J Obstet Gynecol2002;186:198-203

[39] Todua F,Vorobiova E,Baramidze A.Homocysteine and D-dimer levels and multilayer computed tomography for diagnosing pulmonary artery thromboembolism..Sessel plus2017;

[40] Goel A,Bajracharya S,Zhang D.Epidemiology and mechanisms of de novo and persistent hypertension in the postpartum period..Circulation2015;132:1726-33 PMCID:PMC4816491

[41] Grandi SM,Platt RW,Filion K.The timing of onset of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and the risk of incident hypertension and cardiovascular disease..Int J Cardiol2018;270:273-5

[42] Soma-Pillay P,Tolppanen H,Tolppanen H.Physiological changes in pregnancy..Cardiovascular Journal of Africa2016;27:89-94 PMCID:PMC4928162

[43] Chapman AB,Zamudio S,Merouani A.Temporal relationships between hormonal and hemodynamic changes in early human pregnancy..Kidney Int1998;54:2056-63

[44] Sanghavi M.Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy..Circulation2014;130:1003-8

[45] Melchiorre K,Liberati M.Preeclampsia is associated with persistent postpartum cardiovascular impairment.2011;58:709-15

[46] Khong TY.Acute atherosis in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, small-for-gestational-age infants, and diabetes mellitus..Arch Pathol Lab Med1991;115:722-5

[47] Merck. Merck Manual 2018. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional

[48] Lykke JA,Sibai BM,Triche EW.Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother..Hypertension2009;53:944-51

[49] Levine RJ,Horowitz GL,Romundstad PR.Karumanc pre-eclampsia, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, and the risk of reduced thyroid function: nested case-control and population based study..BMJ2009;17:39

[50] Hubel CA,Ness RB,Geirsson RT.Dyslipoproteinaemia in postmenopausal women with a history of eclampsia..BJOG2000;107:776-84

[51] Sattar N.Pregnancy complications and maternal cardiovascular risk: opportunities for intervention and screening..BMJ2002;325:157-60 PMCID:PMC1123678

[52] Seely EW.Insulin resistance and its potential role in pregnancy-induced hypertension..J Clin Endocrinol Metab2003;88:2393-8

[53] Bosio PM,Conroy R.Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy..Obstet Gynecol1999;94:978-84

[54] Greer IA.Thrombosis in pregnancy: maternal and fetal issues..Lancet1999;10:1258-65

[55] Redman CW,Sargent IL.Pre-eclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy..Am J Obstet Gynecol1999;180:499-506

[56] Kuhl C.Insulin secretion and insulin resistance in pregnancy and GDM: implications for diagnosis and management..Diabetes1991;40:18-24

[57] Martin U,Hayavi S,Dunne F.Is normal pregnancy atherogenic?.Clin Sci (Lond)1999;96:421-5

[58] Redman CW,Sargent IL.Pre-eclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy..Am J Obstet Gynecol1999;180:499-506

[59] Magnussen EB,Lund-Nilsen TI,Davey Smith G.Prepregnancy cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study..BMJ2007;335:978 PMCID:PMC2072028

[60] Romundstad PR,Davey Smith G.Hypertension in pregnancy and later cardiovascular disease: common antecedents?.Circulation2010;122:579-84

[61] Cassidy-Bushrow AE,Rule AD,Turner ST.Hypertension during pregnancy is associated with coronary artery calcium independent of renal function..J Womens Health (Larchmt)2009;18:1709-16 PMCID:PMC2825720

[62] Feig DS,Lipscombe LL,Ray JG.Preeclampsia as a risk factor for diabetes: a population based cohort study..PLoSMed2013;10: PMCID:PMC3627640

[63] Akhter T,Larsson M.Individual common carotid artery wall layer dimensions, but not carotid intima-media thickness, indicate increased cardiovascular risk in women with preeclampsia..Circ Cardiovasc Imaging2013;6:762-8