Pulmonary coinfection by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus terreus in an ITP patient after corticosteroid therapy: A case report

Abstract

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis are both life-threatening opportunistic fungal infections. There are only few reports of coinfection by these two fungi in the literature, and Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant Aspergillus species in the coinfection. We report here the first case of coinfection by Aspergillus terreus and P. jirovecii pneumonia and caspofungin can be an appropriate choice for salvage treatment of the coinfection. A 51-year-old man with a history of immune thrombocytopenia treated with prednisone over months was admitted to emergency intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure and a cavity was found on chest computed tomography. Therefore, his tracheawas immediately intubated. The patientwas treated with a large spectrum of antibiotic regimen, consisting initially of imipenem/cilastatin, moxifloxacin and fluconazole followed by fluconazole, imipenem/cilastatin, vancomycin, trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and azithromycin. When the polymerase chain reaction analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage sample revealed P. jirovecii and A. terreus, all the antibiotics were stopped except TMP-SMZ, and voriconazole was added. Two weeks later, the patient showed clinical improvement but radiological deterioration. Consequently, caspofungin was started for salvage therapy, then the patient showed gradual clinical improvement. He was discharged with oral voriconazole and TMP-SMZ. The antifungal treatment was continued for 6 months until complete radiological absorption. In conclusion, early bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid should be considered in order to diagnose and treat promptly in those treated with corticosteroids combined with immunocompromised and caspofungin could be an appropriate choice for salvage treatment of coinfection by P. jirovecii and A. terreus.

Keywords

Aspergillus terreus / caspofungin / ITP / case report / Pneumocystis jirovecii

References

[1] J. E. Kaplan, D. Hanson, M. S. Dworkin, T. Frederick, J. Bertolli, M. L. Lindegren, S. Holmberg, J. L. Jones, Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000, 30, S5.

[2] K. A. Marr, R. A. Carter, F. Crippa, A. Wald, L. Corey, Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 34, 909.

[3] S. Baumann, M. Reinwald, D. Haghi, W. K. Hofmann, D. Buchheidt, Onkologie 2013, 36, 582.

[4] H. Hagiya, Y. Kuroe, H. Nojima, J. Sugiyama, H. Naito, S. Hagioka, N. Morimoto, T. Miyake, Y. Kokumai, T. Murase, J. Infect. Chemother. 2013, 19, 342.

[5] K. Kaira, Y. Shinomiya, Y. Takahashi, T. Iida, N. Yanagitani, N. Sunaga, T. Hisada, T. Ishizuka, M. Mori, Acta Med. Okayama 2007, 61, 235.

[6] T. Lee, Y. J. Bae, S. K. Park, H. J. Park, S. H. Kim, Y. S. Cho, H. B. Moon, S. O. Lee, T. B. Kim, Acta Derm. Venereol. 2010, 90, 625.

[7] M. Mariñsa, A. Soler, X. Nogués, J. Pedro-Botet, Clin. Rheumatol. 2004, 23, 555.

[8] A.-M. Markantonatou, A. Ioakimidou, K. Arvaniti, E. Manou, V. Papadopoulos, P. Kiriklidou, K. Samaras, A. Kioumi, T.-A. Vyzantiadis, Mycoses 2017, 60, 626.

[9] C. Mihon, T. Alexandre, A. Pereira, Clin. Drug Investig. 2013, 33, S37.

[10] J. Péron, O. Derbel, A.-S. Penet, M. Stella, P. Méeus, F. Orlandini, M. Pérol, C. De La Fouchardière, Pancreas 2013, 42, 178.

[11] T. Saito, N. Shime, K. Itoh, N. Fujita, Y. Saito, M. Shinozaki, K. Shibuya, K. Makimura, S. Hashimoto, Infection 2009, 37, 547.

[12] M.-E. Langlois, M. Lorillou, T. Ferry, C. Chidiac, F. Valour, Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 37, 143.

[13] P.-H. Lee, P.-K. Fu, J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2018, 51, 860.

[14] D.-H. Lee, J. Y. Cho, S.-H. Kim, H.-S. Kim, O.-J. Lee, YMi Shin, Chin. Med. J. 2019, 132, 1881.

[15] Y. Chen, Lu Ai, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhao, J. Huang, W. Tang, Y. Liang, Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2021, 20, 47.

[16] W. J. Steinbach, K. A. Marr, E. J. Anaissie, N. Azie, S.-P. Quan, H.-U. Meier-Kriesche, S. Apewokin, D. L. Horn, J. Infect. 2012, 65, 453.

[17] M. A. Pfaller, S. A. Messer, R. J. Hollis, R. N. Jones, SENTRY Participants Group, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002, 46, 1032.

[18] D. A. Sutton, S. E. Sanche, S. G. Revankar, A. W. Fothergill, M. G. Rinaldi, J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37, 2343.

[19] M. P. Lambert, T. B. Gernsheimer, Blood 2017, 129, 2829.

[20] D. Provan, D. M. Arnold, J. B. Bussel, B. H. Chong, N. Cooper, T. Gernsheimer, W. Ghanima, B. Godeau, T. J. González-López, J. Grainger, M. Hou, C. Kruse, V. Mcdonald, M. Michel, A. C. Newland, S. Pavord, F. Rodeghiero, M. Scully, Y. Tomiyama, R. S. Wong, F. Zaja, D. J. Kuter, Blood Adv. 2019, 3, 3780.

[21] T. J. Walsh, E. J. Anaissie, D. W. Denning, R. Herbrecht, D. P. Kontoyiannis, K. A. Marr, V. A. Morrison, B. H. Segal, W. J. Steinbach, D. A. Stevens, J.-A. Van Burik, J. R. Wingard, T. F. Patterson, Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46, 327.

[22] P. L. White, M. Backx, R. A. Barnes, Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2017, 15, 435.

[23] C. Garcia-Vidal, A. Alastruey-Izquierdo, M. Aguilar-Guisado, J. Carratalà, C. Castro, M. Fernández-Ruiz, J. M. Aguado, J. M. Fernández, J. Fortún, J. Garnacho-Montero, J. Gavaldà, C. Gudiol, J. Guinea, A. Gómez-López, P. Muñz, J. Pemán, M. Rovira, I. Ruiz-Camps, M. Cuenca-Estrella, Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2019, 37, 535.

[24] G. Maschmeyer, J. Helweg-Larsen, L. Pagano, C. Robin, C. Cordonnier, P. Schellongowski, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2016, 71, 2405.

[25] T. F. Patterson, G. R. Thompson, D. W. Denning, J. A. Fishman, S. Hadley, R. Herbrecht, D. P. Kontoyiannis, K. A. Marr, V. A. Morrison, M. H. Nguyen, B. H. Segal, W. J. Steinbach, D. A. Stevens, T. J. Walsh, J. R. Wingard, J.-A. Young, J. E. Bennett, Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 63, e1.

[26] M. L. Lobo, F. Esteves, B. De Sousa, F. Cardoso, M. T. Cushion, F. Antunes, O. Matos, PLoS One 2013, 8, e70619.

[27] G. Zhang, M. Chen, S. Zhang, H. Zhou, X. Ji, J. Cai, T. Lou, W. Cui, N. Zhang, Exp. Ther. Med. 2018, 15, 1594.

[28] Q. Tian, J. Si, F. Jiang, R. Xu, B. Wei, B. Huang, Q. Li, Z. Jiang, T. Zhao, HIV Med. 2021, 22, 307.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 2024 The Author(s). VIEW published by Shanghai Fuji Technology Consulting Co., Ltd, authorized by Professional Community of Experimental Medicine, National Association of Health Industry and Enterprise Management (PCEM) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.