Crack Detection of Turnout Straight Switch Rail Bottom Based on Nonlinear Ultrasonic Frequency Mixing Technology

Abstract

Nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing exhibits high sensitivity and good localization capability for closed cracks. In this paper, nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing technology is used to investigate the contact acoustic nonlinearity phenomenon in turnout rails. The influence of different frequency mixing mode pairs and crack sizes on the frequency mixing signal is studied by selecting mode pairs suitable for detecting cracks at the rail bottom. The results indicate that the interaction between guided waves and the crack can generate frequency mixing signals. At the mixing frequencies, multiple guided wave modes will be produced, and the mixing signals increase significantly with the size of the cracks. This demonstrates the damage detection capability of nonlinear ultrasonic frequency mixing for closed cracks, providing a basis for damage detection in turnout rails.

Keywords

Track structure / Turnout rail / Nonlinear ultrasonic / Closed crack / Frequency mixing

References

[1] WangP, XuJ, WangS, QianY, ChenR, YangF, FangJ. A review of research on design theory and engineering practice of high-speed railway turnout. Intell Transp Infrastruct, 2022, 1liac004.

[2] ZaitsevV, GusevV, CastagnedeB. Thermoelastic mechanism for logarithmic slow dynamics and memory in elastic wave interactions with individual cracks. Phys Rev Lett, 2023, 90. 075501

[3] ChondrosTG, DimarogonasAD, YaoJ. Longitudinal vibration of a bar with a breathing crack. Eng Fract Mech, 1998, 61: 503-518.

[4] YangY, NgCT, KotousovA, SohnH, LimHJ. Second harmonic generation at fatigue cracks by low-frequency Lamb waves: experimental and numerical studies. Mech Syst Signal Process, 2018, 99: 760-773.

[5] LiN, WangF, SongG. New entropy-based vibro-acoustic modulation method for metal fatigue crack detection: an exploratory study. Measurement, 2020, 150. 107075

[6] SohnH, LimHJ, DeSimioMP, BrownK, DerrisoM. Nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation for online fatigue crack detection. J Sound Vib, 2014, 333: 1473-1484.

[7] YeungC, NgCT. Nonlinear guided wave mixing in pipes for detection of material nonlinearity. J Sound Vib, 2020, 485. 115541

[8] LiW, LanZ, HuN, DengM. Modeling and simulation of backward combined harmonic generation induced by one-way mixing of longitudinal ultrasonic guided waves in a circular pipe. Ultrasonics, 2021, 113. 106356

[9] JingpinJ, XiangjiM, CunfuH, BinW. Nonlinear Lamb wave-mixing technique for micro-crack detection in plates. NDT E Int, 2017, 85: 63-71.

[10] WanX, TsePW, XuGH, TaoTF, ZhangQ. Analytical and numerical studies of approximate phase velocity matching based nonlinear S0 mode Lamb waves for the detection of evenly distributed microstructural changes. Smart Mater Struct, 2016, 25. 045023

[11] HasanianM, LissendenCJ. Second order harmonic guided wave mutual interactions in plate: vector analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental results. J Appl Phys, 2017, 122. 084901

[12] SampathS, SohnH. Detection and localization of fatigue crack using nonlinear ultrasonic three-wave mixing technique. Int J Fatigue, 2022, 155. 106582

[13] ZhuH, NgCT, KotousovA. Frequency selection and time shifting for maximizing the performance of low-frequency guided wave mixing. NDT E Int, 2023, 133. 102735

[14] SunD, ZhuW, QiuX, LiuL, XiangY, XuanFZ. Nonlinear ultrasonic detection of closed cracks in metal plates with phase-velocity mismatching. NDT E Int, 2023, 135. 102788

[15] NuceraC, Lanza di ScaleaF. Nonlinear semianalytical finite-element algorithm for the analysis of internal resonance conditions in complex waveguides. J Eng Mech, 2014, 140: 502-522.

[16] Niu XC, Zhu LQ, Yu ZJ (2020) The selection of optimal mode pair of nonlinear guided waves in waveguide of arbitrary cross-section. IEEE 71-75.

[17] Chuang W, Zhang W W, Hao-Ran W (2021) Application of third harmonic wave intensity ratio in crack detection for rail joint screw hole. IEEE 136-140.

[18] ShenY, CesnikCE. Local interaction simulation approach for efficient modeling of linear and nonlinear ultrasonic guided wave active sensing of complex structures. J Nondestruct Eval, Diagn Progn Eng Syst, 2018, 1: 011008-011008.

[19] ZhuB, LeeJ. A study on fatigue state evaluation of rail by the use of ultrasonic nonlinearity. Materials, 2019, 122698.

[20] NiuX, ZhuL, YuZ, XuX, ShenH. Detection method of the neutral temperature in continuous welded rails based on nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves. Nondestruct Test Eval, 2023, 38: 798-826.

[21] SolodovIY, KrohnN, BusseG. CAN: an example of nonclassical acoustic nonlinearity in solids. Ultrasonics, 2002, 40: 621-625.

[22] IshiiY, BiwaS, AdachiT. Non-collinear interaction of guided elastic waves in an isotropic plate. J Sound Vib, 2018, 419: 390-404.

[23] AslamM, NagarajanP, RemananM. Defect localization using nonlinear Lamb wave mixing technique. J Nondestr Eval, 2021, 40: 1-12.

[24] HeY, XiaoY, SuZ, PanY, ZhangZ. Contact acoustic nonlinearity effect on the vibro-acoustic modulation of delaminated composite structures. Mech Syst Signal Process, 2022, 163. 108161

[25] ChenR, HuC, XuJ, GongZ, LiuL, WangP, ChenX. Research on guided wave propagation characteristics in turnout rails with variable cross-section. J Sound Vib, 2021, 494. 115853

[26] FengX, ZhouZ, XuJ, WangP, QianY, LiK. Comb excitation method for single guided wave modes in complex cross sections. J Sound Vib, 2024, 577. 118312

Funding

Project supported by the Science and Technology Research Plan of China Academy of Railway Sciences(2023YJ126)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52408486)

National Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(E2024210065)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)