The Circumvention of Barriers to Urban Rail Energy Efficiency

Abstract

As energy prices rise, urban rail energy efficiency becomes even more important. Many technological, operational and policy-based energy efficiency measures are well known and can have a notable positive effect on the urban rail systems. However, these measures can remain unimplemented. This lack of action can often be attributed to a variety of conflicting stakeholder opinions and a lack of knowledge transfer. This paper firstly focusses on the energy efficiency requirements of various stakeholders, before discussing about how such conflicts can be circumvented to ensure the success of future energy efficiency projects.

Keywords

Mobility / Urban rail systems / Energy efficiency / Requirements / Barriers / Solutions

References

[1] UN Realizing the potential of energy efficiency: targets, policies, and measures for G8 countries. Expert group on energy efficiency, 2007, Washington: United Nations Foundation

[2] UN World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision, 2008, New York: United Nations

[3] van Audenhove FJ, Baron R. The future of Urban mobility. Logist Transp Focus, 2014, 16(4): 24-31.

[4] Transport for London (2014) TfL energy purchasing 2017 to 2020. https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/fpc-20141014-part-1-item-17-tfl-energy-purchasing.pdf

[5] EC Energy efficiency plan 2011, 2011, Brussels: European Commission

[6] Powell JP, González-Gil A, Palacin R, Batty P (2015) Determining system-wide energy use in an established metro network. In: The Stephenson conference: research for railways, London, 21–23 Apr 2015

[7] González-Gil A, Palacin R, Batty P. Optimal energy management of urban rail systems: key performance indicators. Energy Convers Manag, 2015, 90: 282-291

[8] DECC Estimated impacts of energy and climate change policies on energy prices and bills, 2013, London: DECC

[9] Albrecht T (2004) Reducing power peaks and energy consumption in rail transit systems by simultaneous train running time control. In: Advances in transport: ninth international conference on computers in railways, Dresden, 17–19 May 2004, pp 885–894

[10] IEA ( Spreading the net: the multiple benefits of energy efficiency improvements, 2014, Paris: IEA

[11] González-Gil A, Palacin R, Batty P. Sustainable urban rail systems: strategies and technologies for optimal management of regenerative braking energy. Energy Convers Manag, 2013, 75: 374-388

[12] González-Gil A, Palacin R, Batty P, Powell JP. A systems approach to reduce urban rail energy consumption. Energy Convers Manag, 2014, 80: 509-524

[13] CBC News (2012) City could pay to turn hybrid buses into diesel buses. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2012/10/25/ottawa-hybrid-bus-retrofit-pilot-project.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2013

[14] Devaux F-O, Tackoen X (2014) Guidelines for braking energy recovery systems in urban rail networks. http://www.tickettokyoto.eu/sites/default/files/downloads/T2K_WP2B_Energy%20Recovery_Final%20Report_2.pdf

[15] UITP Public transport, the green and smart solution. A new frontier: double market shares by 2025, 2009, Munich: UITP

[16] Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC

[17] Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 october 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC

[18] Landex A. (2012) Annual transport conference, Aalborg University, Aalborg. DTU Transport. http://www.trafikdage.dk/papers_2012/87_AlexLandex.pdf. Accessed 08 Jan 2013

[19] Friman M. Implementing quality improvements in public transport. J Public Transp, 2004, 7(4): 49-65

[20] Chronopoulos T. Congestion pricing: the political viability of a neoliberal spatial mobility proposal in London Stockholm, and New York City. Urban Res Pract, 2012, 5(2): 187-208

[21] LTA (2013) TravelSmart: market research survey results. https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicTransport/files/Travel_Smart_Market_Research_Results.pdf

[22] Batty P, Palacin R, González-Gil A. Challenges and opportunities in developing urban modal shift. Travel Behav Soc, 2015

[23] Beirão G, Sarsfield Cabral JA. Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: a qualitative study. Transp Policy, 2007, 14(6): 478-489

[24] Fujii S, Kitamura R. What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change. Transportation, 2003, 30(1): 81-95

[25] Stradling S, Carreno M, Rye T, Noble A. Passenger perceptions and the ideal urban bus journey experience. Transp Policy, 2007, 14(4): 283-292

[26] Kemball-Cook L. Retail therapy provides renewable electricity. Build Eng, 2012, 87(6): 16-17.

[27] Schlosser N. Transit systems get creative with revenue generation. Metro Mag, 2013, 109(1): 52-54.

[28] Transport for London (2013) Northern line extension: factsheet 1: funding and finance. https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/nl-factsheet-i-web.pdf

[29] Pickford J (2013) London project to use risky funding model, Financial Times, 08/04/2013. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fcda4910-9f64-11e2-b4b6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3Lh06bZEN

[30] Redfern H. (2012) Making public transit greener. http://www.metro-magazine.com/blog/transit-dispatches/story/2012/07/making-public-transit-greener.aspx. Accessed 09 Jan 2013

[31] Wald M (2011) Saving electricity on a Philadelphia subway line, New York Times edn, 13/06/2011. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/batteries-will-save-juice-on-a-philadelphia-commuter-line/. Accessed 09 Jan 2013

[32] Poulin (2014) Recovering braking energy: SEPTA's wayside energy storage project, APTA 2014 Rail Conference. Available online https://library.e.abb.com/public/ce6e1725f840073f85257d3f00514387/SEPTA%20Breaking.pdf. Accessed 18 sep 2014

[33] ABB (2014) SEPTA stays focused on energy efficiency with second energy storage and unique hybrid system from ABB. http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/186379817a2df9b6c1257d57004c026e.aspx. Accessed 18 Sep 2014

[34] Grogan A. Driverless trains: it’s the automatic choice!. Eng Technol, 2012, 7(2): 54-57

[35] Valderrama A, Jørgensen U. Urban transport systems in Bogotá and Copenhagen: an approach from STS. Built Environ, 2008, 34(2): 200-217

[36] Wallis I, Bray D, Webster H. To competitively tender or to negotiate—weighing up the choices in a mature market. Res Transp Econ, 2010, 29(1): 89-98

[37] ERRAC & UITP (2009) Metro, light rail and tram systems in Europe. http://www.uitp.org/files/ERRAC_MetroLR&TramSystemsinEurope.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2012

[38] EC (2014) Commission takes action against UK for persistent air pollution problems (Press release). http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-154_en.htm. Accessed 04 Mar 2014