Liquid biopsy has emerged as a transformative approach in oncology, providing minimally invasive access to tumor‐derived biomarkers with applications across diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic guidance, and disease monitoring. This literature review synthesizes evidence from 125 studies evaluating circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, RNA species, and proteomic or metabolomic signatures in prostate, bladder, and renal cancers. The findings demonstrate that liquid biopsy technologies have shown substantial promise in early detection, risk stratification, and longitudinal surveillance, while also offering novel insights into therapeutic resistance and clonal evolution. However, clinical translation remains constrained by pre‐analytical variability, assay standardization challenges, limited sensitivity in low‐tumor‐burden settings, and the need for prospective validation in large, diverse populations. Despite these barriers, ongoing technological advances and integration with multi‐omics approaches are likely to accelerate the adoption of liquid biopsy as a complement to conventional tissue‐based diagnostics and imaging in genitourinary oncology.

Background: The diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is limited by low specificity and invasiveness. This study aims to establish a highly accurate, noninvasive reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR)‐based urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) assay system and explore the feasibility of using first‐morning urine instead of post‐digital rectal examination (DRE) samples.

Methods: Three prospective multicenter cohort studies were conducted on 643 Chinese men. Urine PCA3 expression was quantified by RT‐qPCR, using either the novel reference gene microseminoprotein‐beta (MSMB) or conventional kallikrein‐related peptidase 3 (KLK3, encoding prostate‐specific antigen, PSA). Diagnostic performance was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in Cohort I (n = 176), with validation in Cohort II (n = 350). In Cohort III (n = 117), the diagnostic accuracy of PCA3/MSMB test was compared between DRE and non‐DRE urine samples.

Results: The PCA3/MSMB RT‐qPCR system showed high precision and stability. In Cohort I, the PCA3/MSMB test demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared with the PCA3/KLK3 test, with a significantly higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (0.869 vs. 0.830, p = 0.0468), higher sensitivity (82.1% vs. 79.0%), and higher specificity (77.8% vs. 74.1%). Cohort II confirmed these results, yielding a sensitivity of 82.63% and a specificity of 77.50%. In Cohort III, no significant difference in diagnostic performance was observed between non‐DRE and DRE urine samples (AUC 0.859 vs. 0.850, p = 0.6262), suggesting the potential for simplified sample collection.

Conclusion: The PCA3/MSMB urine test is a promising noninvasive diagnostic tool for PCa; it can reduce unnecessary biopsies and improve detection accuracy using non‐DRE urine samples.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the short‐term influence of preoperative educational materials on the quality of life in patients with newly diagnosed urinary cancer before surgery.

Methods: Patients with urinary cancer were retrospectively enrolled from April 2020 to March 2021. Quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 version 3.0 on the day of admission and after patients read the education materials. Propensity score matching was applied to match baseline characteristics in subgroup analyses.

Results: A total of 180 patients were enrolled. Most of them were male with renal cancer. Sleep disturbance (p = 0.004), appetite loss (p = 0.013), fatigue (p = 0.002), constipation (p = 0.029), and physical function (p = 0.006) showed statistically significant differences post‐intervention. Subgroup analyses suggested that improvements in sleep disturbance, fatigue, and physical function persisted in the younger group (≤ 60 years old), while bladder cancer patients showed improvements in physical function and cognitive function.

Conclusion: Preoperative educational materials were associated with short‐term improvements in specific quality of life domains among patients with urinary cancer. Younger age and bladder cancer diagnosis appeared to be potential effect modifiers.

Background: Low‐grade non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by high recurrence rates, resulting in repeated interventions and intensive surveillance. Office‐based transurethral laser ablation (TULA) performed under local anesthesia is a minimally invasive alternative to transurethral resection, and narrow band imaging (NBI) may improve tumor visualization and treatment precision. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NBI‐guided office‐based diode laser ablation for recurrent low‐grade NMIBC and to identify factors associated with recurrence.

Methods: A retrospective review of 71 patients with recurrent Ta low‐grade NMIBC was conducted who underwent diode laser ablation in an outpatient clinic. All patients had negative urine cytology prior to treatment. Demographic, clinical, and tumor‐related variables were recorded. Recurrence was defined as histologically confirmed tumor reappearance on follow‐up cystoscopy. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of recurrence.

Results: Recurrence occurred in 44 patients (62%). Patients with recurrence were younger (median 52.5 vs. 65 years, p < 0.001) and had lower rates of comorbidities (47.7% vs. 74.1%, p = 0.029). A higher proportion of patients with more than three original tumors was observed in the recurrent group (40.9% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.013). On multivariable analysis, younger age (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93, p = 0.006), higher number of ablated tumors (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.14–5.85, p = 0.02), and presence of comorbidities (OR = 324.8, 95% CI: 2.99–352.0, p = 0.016) were independently associated with recurrence.

Conclusion: NBI‐guided office‐based diode laser ablation is a safe and effective option for managing recurrent low‐grade NMIBC.

Background: Caudal blocks (CB) are a cornerstone of pediatric urologic surgery, providing effective analgesia while mitigating potential neurotoxicity associated with general anesthesia and opioids. However, the optimal timing of CB—preoperative versus postoperative—remains controversial. This study compares total opioid requirements in pediatric patients receiving preoperative versus postoperative CB to determine the timing that best minimizes opioid use.

Methods: All male patients aged 6–36 months who underwent urologic surgery from January 2019 to January 2023 at a single institution and had anesthesia care delivered by one of two attending pediatric anesthesiologists were retrospectively reviewed. One routinely administers preoperative CB following induction while the other performs postoperative CB immediately prior to emergence. Data collected included patient demographics, CB timing and dosage, opioid dosages, total anesthesia time, and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) time. Statistical analysis used Mann–Whitney U‐test and chi‐square test, with results considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results: 41 patients met inclusion criteria; 24 received preoperative CB, 17 received postoperative CB. There were no significant differences in age, weight, CB dose, total anesthesia time, or PACU time between the groups. Compared to the postoperative CB group, the preoperative CB group had significantly lower mean total opioid dose (3.875 vs. 26.470 mcg, p < 0.001), lower mean weight‐based dose (0.360 vs. 2.620 mcg/kg, p < 0.001), and fewer patients requiring opioids at all (37.5% vs. 94.1%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: In this study, preoperative CB administration was associated with a significantly reduced cumulative opioid requirement in pediatric urologic surgery compared to postoperative administration.

Background: Pediatric urinary bladder paraganglioma is an exceptionally rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from chromaffin cells within the detrusor muscle. Due to its rarity and variable presentation, early diagnosis can be challenging, often requiring a high index of clinical suspicion and multimodal evaluation.

Case Presentation: We report a 12‐year‐old female who presented with hypogastric pain, urinary frequency, and mild dysuria. Initial imaging revealed a bladder mass associated with left‐sided hydroureteronephrosis. Over time, the patient developed episodic hypertension, palpitations, and flushing, suggestive of catecholamine excess. Further evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated a locally invasive mass involving the bladder wall, vesicoureteric junction, cervix, and upper vagina, without evidence of distant metastasis. Histopathological examination showed nests of polygonal cells arranged in a characteristic Zellballen pattern. Immunohistochemistry was positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, and S‐100 protein, confirming the diagnosis of paraganglioma.

Conclusion: This case underscores the diagnostic challenges associated with pediatric bladder paraganglioma and highlights the importance of early recognition, thorough evaluation, and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure optimal management and outcomes.

Background: Laryngospasm is a serious anesthetic complication that can lead to acute airway obstruction and hypoxemia. Standard management involves deepening anesthesia and administering succinylcholine intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM). However, if IV access is lost or IM drug delivery is too slow, alternative routes are required. We report the first known use of intracavernosal succinylcholine as a rescue intervention for refractory laryngospasm during pediatric hypospadias surgery.

Case Presentation: A 13‐year‐old obese male undergoing distal hypospadias repair developed persistent laryngospasm with desaturation. Initial IV propofol failed due to a dislodged IV line and IM succinylcholine (4 mg/kg) showed a delayed effect. Consequently, 0.5 mg/kg of succinylcholine was injected directly into the corpus cavernosum to utilize its rich vascular network for rapid absorption. Intracavernosal administration led to near‐immediate relaxation, allowing effective ventilation and oxygenation recovery. The patient was intubated and surgery proceeded uneventfully. No complications occurred at the injection site or systemically, and the patient was discharged without sequelae.

Conclusion: This case demonstrates intracavernosal succinylcholine as a feasible emergency route when IV access is lost and IM delivery is insufficient. The corpora cavernosa's vascularity enabled rapid drug uptake similar to IV administration. This novel intervention highlights an interdisciplinary approach to airway emergencies and may be considered in extreme scenarios where standard methods fail. Nonetheless, it must be acknowledged that prior IM administration may have contributed to the clinical response, and further investigation is needed to establish the efficacy and safety of this route.