Strain-engineered stretchable substrates for free-form display applications

Abstract

With the growing potential of the Internet of Things, displays are being utilized to provide various types of information in every aspect of daily life, leading to the expansion of form-factor-free displays. Stretchable displays are considered the ultimate goal in form factor innovation, and they are not limited to rectangular shapes with deformation characteristics suited to target applications. Because reliable stretchable displays should be robust under uniaxial and biaxial strain, there have been efforts to tailor mechanical stress with promising strategies from structural and material perspectives. This review focuses on strain-engineering stretchable substrates for free-form display applications. First, we introduce deformable substrates with structural stretchability, achieved by incorporating buckling and Kirigami structures into plastic films, and we systematically analyze the tensile deformation characteristics based on design elements. In addition, we examined intrinsically stretchable elastomeric substrates, which have gained considerable attention due to recent advances in material and processing technologies. Their spatial modulus patterning is studied by applying optimized design principles, achieved through network alignment and crosslinking control in homogeneous elastomers, as well as by incorporating heterogeneous structures within the elastomer materials. Finally, we discussed state-of-the-art stretchable display applications employing strain-engineered stretchable substrates, focusing on advantageous materials and structures based on the display components, processes, and target deformation characteristics. Building on this foundation, we discuss the development of next-generation free-form displays and aim to contribute to their application in various static and dynamic deformation environments.

Keywords

Strain-engineering methods / structurally designed plastic films / modulus-patterned elastomers / stretchable displays

References

[1] He J,Ma X.Contactless user-interactive sensing display for human-human and human-machine interactions.Adv Mater2024;36:e2401931

[2] Koo JH,Shim HJ,Kim D.Flexible and stretchable smart display: materials, fabrication, device design, and system integration.Adv Funct Mater2018;28:1801834

[3] Park J,Kim DC,Kim D.Unconventional image-sensing and light-emitting devices for extended reality.Adv Funct Mater2021;31:2009281

[4] Yin H,Youssef K,Pei Q.Structures and materials in stretchable electroluminescent devices.Adv Mater2022;34:e2106184

[5] Dong B,Yang Y,Zhang Z.Technology evolution from self-powered sensors to AIoT enabled smart homes.Nano Energy2021;79:105414

[6] Zhang W,Duan J.Recent research advances in textile-based flexible power supplies and displays for smart wearable applications.ACS Appl Electron Mater2024;6:5429-55

[7] Srinivasan KP,Elsheikh AH.A review of flexible printed sensors for automotive infotainment systems.Archiv Civ Mech Eng2023;23:604

[8] Jo M,Lee SS.Transparent and flexible led-embedded display film using micro metal mesh.J Mech Sci Technol2024;38:357-63

[9] Back JH,Cho H.Visible-light-curable acrylic resins toward UV-light-blocking adhesives for foldable displays.Adv Mater2023;35:e2204776

[10] Han SH,Choi SS.Analytical investigation of multi-layered rollable displays considering nonlinear elastic adhesive interfaces.Sci Rep2023;13:5697 PMCID:PMC10082164

[11] Jeong EG,Kang KS,Choi KC.A review of highly reliable flexible encapsulation technologies towards rollable and foldable OLEDs.J Inform Display2020;21:19-32

[12] Byun J,Hong Y.Artificial soft elastic media with periodic hard inclusions for tailoring strain-sensitive thin-film responses.Adv Mater2018;30:e1802190

[13] Wang W,Rastak R.Strain-insensitive intrinsically stretchable transistors and circuits.Nat Electron2021;4:143-50

[14] Wang C,Peng D,Zhu D.Soft devices empowered by mechanoluminescent materials.Soft Sci2023;3:39

[15] Jung H,Gee MB.High-resolution active-matrix micro-LED stretchable displays.J Soc Info Display2023;31:201-10

[16] Li X,Kim H.Oxide electronics transferred on stiff-stripe/PDMS substrate for high-resolution stretchable displays.IEEE Trans Electron Devices2019;66:2971-8

[17] Kim DW,Lee G.Fabrication of practical deformable displays: advances and challenges.Light Sci Appl2023;12:61 PMCID:PMC9984414

[18] Lee Y,Yoon H.Advancements in electronic materials and devices for stretchable displays.Adv Mater Technol2023;8:2201067

[19] Lee B,Moon S.Omnidirectional printing of elastic conductors for three-dimensional stretchable electronics.Nat Electron2023;6:307-18

[20] Cho H,Jang D,Chung S.Recent progress in strain-engineered elastic platforms for stretchable thin-film devices.Mater Horiz2022;9:2053-75

[21] Chen J,Ji K.Flexible, stretchable, and transparent InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells/polyacrylamide hydrogel-based light emitting diodes.Nano Res2022;15:5492-9

[22] Shankar U,Bandyopadhyay A.A review on the alternative of indium tin oxide coated glass substrate in flexible and bendable organic optoelectronic device.Polym Advan Technol2022;33:3078-111

[23] Chen J.Technology advances in flexible displays and substrates.IEEE Access2013;1:150-8

[24] Yoo J,Kim DH,Choi MK.Materials and design strategies for stretchable electroluminescent devices.Nanoscale Horiz2022;7:801-21

[25] Baeg K.Flexible electronic systems on plastic substrates and textiles for smart wearable technologies.Adv Mater Technol2020;5:2000071

[26] Jiao R,Wang Y.Vertical serpentine interconnect-enabled stretchable and curved electronics.Microsyst Nanoeng2023;9:149 PMCID:PMC10679150

[27] Ye C,Sitaraman SK.Stretchability of serpentine interconnect on polymer substrate for flexible electronics: a geometry and material sensitivity analysis. In: 2020 IEEE 70th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC); 2020 Jun 03-30; Orlando, USA. IEEE; 2020. pp. 1533-41.

[28] Li D,Jian J.Lantern-inspired on-skin helical interconnects for epidermal electronic sensors.Adv Funct Mater2023;33:2213335

[29] Yang Z,Song Z.Conductive and elastic 3D helical fibers for use in washable and wearable electronics.Adv Mater2020;32:e1907495

[30] Xu R,Li X,Chen Y.Snap-fit mechanical metamaterials.Appl Mater Today2023;30:101714

[31] Pan F,Li Z,Liu B.3D pixel mechanical metamaterials.Adv Mater2019;31:e1900548

[32] Meng K,Hurier M,Coupeau C.Elastic-plastic buckling of gold thin films into straight-sided blisters.Surf Coat Tech2024;482:130642

[33] Lee DW,Jin J.Innovative evolution of buckling structures for flexible electronics.Compos Struct2018;204:487-99

[34] Sarabia-Vallejos MA,Pérez-Monje DA.Smart polymer surfaces with complex wrinkled patterns: reversible, non-planar, gradient, and hierarchical structures.Polymers2023;15:612 PMCID:PMC9920088

[35] Jin H,Cordill MJ.In situ study of cracking and buckling of chromium films on PET substrates.Exp Mech2011;51:219-27

[36] Chen S,Zhang X,Li J.Kirigami/Origami: unfolding the new regime of advanced 3D microfabrication/nanofabrication with “folding”.Light Sci Appl2020;9:75 PMCID:PMC7193558

[37] Xu L,Kotov NA.Origami and Kirigami nanocomposites.ACS Nano2017;11:7587-99

[38] Zhai Z,Jiang H.Mechanical metamaterials based on Origami and Kirigami.Appl Phys Rev2021;8:041319

[39] Park J,Yea J.Kirigami-inspired gas sensors for strain-insensitive operation.Results Eng2024;21:101805

[40] Yoo PJ,Park SY.Physical self-assembly of microstructures by anisotropic buckling.Adv Mater2002;14:1383-7

[41] Singh JP,Abell J,Zhao Y.Flexible and mechanical strain resistant large area SERS active substrates.Nanoscale2012;4:3410-4

[42] Bian J,Yang B,Huang Y.Theoretical and experimental studies of laser lift-off of nonwrinkled ultrathin polyimide film for flexible electronics.Appl Surf Sci2020;499:143910

[43] Tao X,Stuart BW.Elastic (acrylate/polydimethylsiloxane) substrate-to-coating interlayers for improving the mechanical resilience of thermoelectric films on poly(ethylene terephthalate) during roll-to-roll manufacture and in service operation.Surf Coat Tech2022;434:128167

[44] Kwon D,Choi SM.Effect of the orientation and bending stiffness of nanopatterned films on wrinkling.Macromol Res2018;26:374-9

[45] Drack M,Sekitani T,Kaltenbrunner M.An imperceptible plastic electronic wrap.Adv Mater2015;27:34-40 PMCID:PMC4315904

[46] Ohara A.Bending of polymer films: a method for obtaining a compressive modulus of thin films.Soft Matter2024;20:8589-600

[47] Li YF,Huang P.Stretchable organometal-halide-perovskite quantum-dot light-emitting diodes.Adv Mater2019;31:e1807516

[48] Kim MY,Oh C,Kim BS.Stretchable oxide thin-film transistors with a mechanically and electrically reliable wavy structure for skin electronics.ACS Appl Electron Mater2024;6:435-46

[49] Mishra S.Variable density wrinkling in polymer thin film by gradient stress induced in the elastomeric substrate.Bull Mater Sci2024;47:3156

[50] Zhang Q.Spontaneous buckling-driven periodic delamination of thin films on soft substrates under large compression.J Mech Phys Solids2018;118:40-57

[51] Zhao Y.Bio-inspired hierarchical wrinkles for tunable infrared reflectance.Surf Interfaces2024;45:103832

[52] Yin D,Ma R.Efficient and mechanically robust stretchable organic light-emitting devices by a laser-programmable buckling process.Nat Commun2016;7:11573 PMCID:PMC4873666

[53] Hartmann F,Mao G.Scalable microfabrication of folded parylene-based conductors for stretchable electronics.Adv Electron Mater2021;7:2001236

[54] Hyun DC,Park C.Ordered zigzag stripes of polymer gel/metal nanoparticle composites for highly stretchable conductive electrodes.Adv Mater2011;23:2946-50

[55] Yu Y,Luo Y.Ultra-stretchable supercapacitors based on biaxially pre-strained super-aligned carbon nanotube films.Nanoscale2020;12:24259-65

[56] Seok S,Kim J.Analysis of experimental biaxial surface wrinkling pattern based on direct 3D numerical simulation.Micromachines2024;15:543 PMCID:PMC11051757

[57] Brooks AK,Ali M.Kirigami-inspired biodesign for applications in healthcare.Adv Mater2022;34:e2109550

[58] Tao J,Deshpande V.Engineering by cuts: how Kirigami principle enables unique mechanical properties and functionalities.Adv Sci2022;10:e2204733 PMCID:PMC9811446

[59] Baldwin A.Kirigami strain sensors microfabricated from thin-film parylene C.J Microelectromech Syst2018;27:1082-8

[60] Morikawa Y,Sawahata H,Koida K.Donut-shaped stretchable Kirigami: enabling electronics to integrate with the deformable muscle.Adv Healthc Mater2019;8:e1900939

[61] Zhang S,Qi Z.Laser patterned graphene pressure sensor with adjustable sensitivity in an ultrawide response range.Nanotechnology2024;35:365503

[62] Park R,Koh CS.Laser-assisted structuring of graphene films with biocompatible liquid crystal polymer for skin/brain-interfaced electrodes.Adv Healthc Mater2024;13:e2301753 PMCID:PMC11468237

[63] Biswas RK,Bhatt BB,O’Connor GM.Femtosecond infra-red laser carbonization and ablation of polyimide for fabrication of Kirigami inspired strain sensor.J Phys D Appl Phys2023;56:085101

[64] Chen J,Ying B.Kirigami-enabled stretchable laser-induced graphene heaters for wearable thermotherapy.Mater Horiz2024;11:2010-20

[65] Lee HU,Jin J.A stretchable vertically stacked microsupercapacitor with kirigami-bridged island structure: MnO₂/graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite electrode through pen lithography.J Power Sources2020;453:227898

[66] Hwang DG.Tunable mechanical metamaterials through hybrid Kirigami structures.Sci Rep2018;8:3378 PMCID:PMC5821861

[67] Guan YS,Tang Y,Ren S.Kirigami-inspired nanoconfined polymer conducting nanosheets with 2000% stretchability.Adv Mater2018;30:e1706390

[68] Won P,Lee T.Stretchable and transparent Kirigami conductor of nanowire percolation network for electronic skin applications.Nano Lett2019;19:6087-96

[69] Rao Z,Li Z.Curvy, shape-adaptive imagers based on printed optoelectronic pixels with a Kirigami design.Nat Electron2021;4:513-21

[70] Xu K,Honda S,Akita S.Highly stable Kirigami-structured stretchable strain sensors for perdurable wearable electronics.J Mater Chem C2019;7:9609-17

[71] Sedal A,Liu T,Corson N.Design of deployable soft robots through plastic deformation of Kirigami structures.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2020;5:2272-9

[72] Zhang Z,Tang Y.Kirigami-inspired stretchable conjugated electronics.Adv Electron Mater2020;6:1900929

[73] An N,Zhou J,Bertoldi K.Programmable hierarchical Kirigami.Adv Funct Mater2020;30:1906711

[74] Khosravi H,Li S.Pneumatic soft actuators with Kirigami skins.Front Robot AI2021;8:749051 PMCID:PMC8473908

[75] Rafsanjani A.Buckling-induced Kirigami.Phys Rev Lett2017;118:084301

[76] Groeger D.LASEC: Instant fabrication of stretchable circuits using a laser cutter. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM; 2019. pp. 1-14.

[77] Guo Z,Zhu W.Kirigami-based stretchable, deformable, ultralight thin-film thermoelectric generator for bodyNET application.Adv Energy Mater2022;12:2102993

[78] Jeong MW,Shin JS.Intrinsically stretchable three primary light-emitting films enabled by elastomer blend for polymer light-emitting diodes.Sci Adv2023;9:eadh1504 PMCID:PMC10284558

[79] Kim DC,Lee W,Kim DH.Material-based approaches for the fabrication of stretchable electronics.Adv Mater2020;32:e1902743

[80] Zhang Z,Jiang Y.High-brightness all-polymer stretchable LED with charge-trapping dilution.Nature2022;603:624-30

[81] Liu J,Zhang Z.Fully stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array.Nat Commun2020;11:3362 PMCID:PMC7335157

[82] Dong Z,Jia B.Composite patch with negative Poisson’s ratio mimicking cardiac mechanical properties: design, experiment and simulation.Mater Today Bio2024;26:101098 PMCID:PMC11152757

[83] Oh S,Byun S.3D shape-morphing display enabled by electrothermally responsive, stiffness-tunable liquid metal platform with stretchable electroluminescent device.Adv Funct Mater2023;33:2214766

[84] Liu G,Ni B.Electroactive Bi-functional liquid crystal elastomer actuators.Small2024;20:e2307565

[85] Cai M,Du Y,Song J.Soft elastomers with programmable stiffness as strain-isolating substrates for stretchable electronics.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2019;11:14340-6

[86] Rešetič A.Shape programming of liquid crystal elastomers.Commun Chem2024;7:56 PMCID:PMC10940691

[87] Zhai F,Li Z.4D-printed untethered self-propelling soft robot with tactile perception: rolling, racing, and exploring.Matter2021;4:3313-26

[88] Zou W,Terentjev EM.Amine-acrylate liquid single crystal elastomers reinforced by hydrogen bonding.Adv Mater2021;33:e2101955 PMCID:PMC11469043

[89] Li S,Lerch MM.Programming deformations of 3D microstructures: opportunities enabled by magnetic alignment of liquid crystalline elastomers.Acc Mater Res2023;4:1008-19 PMCID:PMC10749463

[90] Torres VM,Vogt BD.Controlling nanostructure and mechanical properties in triblock copolymer/monomer blends via reaction-induced phase transitions.Soft Matter2021;17:1505-12

[91] Ye C,Wadley ML,Cavicchi KA.Anisotropic mechanical properties of aligned polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane thin films.Macromolecules2013;46:8608-15

[92] Park WI,Jang HI.Directed self-assembly with sub-100 degrees Celsius processing temperature, sub-10 nanometer resolution, and sub-1 minute assembly time.Small2012;8:3762-8

[93] Ditte K,Chae S.Ultrasoft and high-mobility block copolymers for skin-compatible electronics.Adv Mater2021;33:e2005416 PMCID:PMC11468703

[94] Chen M,Bai L,Qi HJ.Recent advances in 4D printing of liquid crystal elastomers.Adv Mater2023;35:e2209566

[95] Xia Y,Hu H.Better actuation through chemistry: using surface coatings to create uniform director fields in nematic liquid crystal elastomers.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2016;8:12466-72

[96] Choi JC,Lee JW.Steerable and agile light-fueled rolling locomotors by curvature-engineered torsional torque.Adv Sci2023;10:e2304715 PMCID:PMC10602523

[97] Zhang W,Wu Z,Luo D.Photothermal-driven liquid crystal elastomers: materials, alignment and applications.Molecules2022;27:4330 PMCID:PMC9317631

[98] Ahn C,Cai S.Inhomogeneous stretch induced patterning of molecular orientation in liquid crystal elastomers.Extreme Mech Lett2015;5:30-6

[99] Jeon J,Lee H.Continuous and programmable photomechanical jumping of polymer monoliths.Mater Today2021;49:97-106

[100] Fowler HE,Keplinger C.Liquid crystal elastomers with enhanced directional actuation to electric fields.Adv Mater2021;33:e2103806

[101] Yan S,Chen S.Deformation-induced photoprogrammable pattern of polyurethane elastomers based on Poisson effect.Adv Mater2024;36:e2307445

[102] Nauman A,Cho Y,Na J.Light-adaptable artificial iris with dynamically scalable pupil-aperture function by radially patterned photochromic transition control.Mater Design2024;237:112515

[103] Park H,Park H.Synthesis of a photo-crosslinkable elastomer for stretchable electronics and its use in strain-insensitive pressure sensors.Adv Funct Mater2024;34:2312034

[104] Kang H,Li M.Novel biobased thermoplastic elastomer consisting of synthetic polyester elastomer and polylactide by in situ dynamical crosslinking method.RSC Adv2015;5:23498-507

[105] Liu X,Zhou S.Stiffness and interface engineered soft electronics with large-scale robust deformability.Adv Mater2024;36:e2407886

[106] Qi D,Tian G,Huang Y.Stretchable electronics based on PDMS substrates.Adv Mater2021;33:e2003155

[107] Yin L,Wang J.Structural innovations in printed, flexible, and stretchable electronics.Adv Mater Technol2020;5:2000694

[108] Wang Z,Liao G,Yao X.Progress in auxetic mechanical metamaterials: structures, characteristics, manufacturing methods, and applications.Adv Eng Mater2020;22:2000312

[109] Nauman A,Choi JC,Kim HR.Topologically engineered strain redistribution in elastomeric substrates for dually tunable anisotropic plasmomechanical responses.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2024;16:6337-47

[110] Gong X,Zhi C.Stretchable energy storage devices: from materials and structural design to device assembly.Adv Energy Mater2021;11:2003308

[111] Matsuda R,Nakamura F.Highly stretchable sensing array for independent detection of pressure and strain exploiting structural and resistive control.Sci Rep2020;10:12666 PMCID:PMC7391712

[112] Paik S,Chang S.Near-field sub-diffraction photolithography with an elastomeric photomask.Nat Commun2020;11:805 PMCID:PMC7010681

[113] Hwang W,Park S.A breathable and stretchable metastructure for a versatile hybrid electronic skin patch with long-term skin comfort.Adv Mater Technol2023;8:2200477

[114] Lee Y,Yi S.Auxetic elastomers: mechanically programmable meta-elastomers with an unusual Poisson’s ratio overcome the gauge limit of a capacitive type strain sensor.Extreme Mech Lett2019;31:100516

[115] Ha S.Simple route to performance modulation of resistive strain sensor based on strain-engineered stretchable substrate with customized hard template.Compos Sci Technol2022;217:109111

[116] Zhou X,Song Z.Advances in 3D/4D printing of mechanical metamaterials: from manufacturing to applications.Compos Part B Eng2023;254:110585

[117] Pyo S.Mechanical metamaterials for sensor and actuator applications.Int J Pr Eng Man GT2024;11:291-320

[118] Ling Y,Liu J.Bioinspired elastomer composites with programmed mechanical and electrical anisotropies.Nat Commun2022;13:524 PMCID:PMC8791960

[119] Wu Z,Vorobyev A.Seamless modulus gradient structures for highly resilient, stretchable system integration.Mater Today Phys2018;4:28-35

[120] Hong SY,Park H.Stretchable active matrix temperature sensor array of polyaniline nanofibers for electronic skin.Adv Mater2016;28:930-5

[121] Keum K,Kim KS,Kim Y.Recent progress of stretchable displays: a comprehensive review of materials, device architectures, and applications.Soft Sci2024;4:34

[122] Han K,Kim Y,Choi B.Mechanical durability of flexible/stretchable a-IGZO TFTs on PI island for wearable electronic application.ACS Appl Electron Mater2021;3:5037-47

[123] Kang SH,Lee JM.Full integration of highly stretchable inorganic transistors and circuits within molecular-tailored elastic substrates on a large scale.Nat Commun2024;15:2814 PMCID:PMC10985077

[124] Shao Y,Zhi Y.A universal packaging substrate for mechanically stable assembly of stretchable electronics.Nat Commun2024;15:6106 PMCID:PMC11271615

[125] Kim Y,Kim CY.A modulus-engineered multi-layer polymer film with mechanical robustness for the application to highly deformable substrate platform in stretchable electronics.Chem Eng J2022;431:134074

[126] Sun B,Song Z.Gradient modulus strategy for alleviating stretchable electronic strain concentration.Adv Funct Mater2024;2410676

[127] Zou S,Gong Z.Shape-deformable micro-LEDs for advanced displays and healthcare.Soft Sci2024;4:19

[128] Niu J,Wang J.Fully flexible all-in-one electronic display skin with seamless integration of microLED and hydrogel battery.Adv Funct Mater2024;2411916

[129] Xuan T,Wang L,Xie RJ.Inkjet-printed quantum dot color conversion films for high-resolution and full-color micro light-emitting diode displays.J Phys Chem Lett2020;11:5184-91

[130] Cinquino M,Maggiore A.Toward highly efficient solution-processable OLEDs: inkjet printing of TADF emissive layer.Adv Electron Mater2024;2300358

[131] Hua Q.Low-dimensional nanostructures for monolithic 3D-integrated flexible and stretchable electronics.Chem Soc Rev2024;53:1316-53

[132] Zardetto V,Reale A.Substrates for flexible electronics: a practical investigation on the electrical, film flexibility, optical, temperature, and solvent resistance properties.J Polym Sci B Polym Phys2011;49:638-48

[133] Yin D,Chen Z.Roller-assisted adhesion imprinting for high-throughput manufacturing of wearable and stretchable organic light-emitting devices.Adv Opt Mater2020;8:1901525

[134] Wang Y,Zhang H.Mechanical and thermal degradation behavior of high-performance PDMS elastomer based on epoxy/silicone hybrid network.Polymer2021;236:124299

[135] Xie Z,Huang Y.Flexible and stretchable antennas for biointegrated electronics.Adv Mater2020;32:e1902767

[136] Shih C,Lu C,Chen W.Enhancing the mechanical durability of an organic field effect transistor through a fluoroelastomer substrate with a crosslinking-induced self-wrinkled structure.Adv Electron Mater2017;3:1600477

[137] Chen Z,Yin D.Stretchable organic light-emitting devices with invisible orderly wrinkles by using a transfer-free technique.Adv Mater Technol2022;7:2101263

[138] Oh JH.Intrinsically stretchable phosphorescent light-emitting materials for stretchable displays.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2023;15:33784-96

[139] Li XC,Song W.Intrinsically stretchable electroluminescent elastomers with self-confinement effect for highly efficient non-blended stretchable OLEDs.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2023;62:e202213749

[140] Jeong S,Lee B,Hong Y.Distortion-free stretchable light-emitting diodes via imperceptible microwrinkles.Adv Mater Technol2020;5:2000231

[141] Kim TH,Kim S.Fully stretchable optoelectronic sensors based on colloidal quantum dots for sensing photoplethysmographic signals.ACS Nano2017;11:5992-6003

[142] Yin D,Liu YF.Mechanically robust stretchable organic optoelectronic devices built using a simple and universal stencil-pattern transferring technology.Light Sci Appl2018;7:35 PMCID:PMC6106994

[143] Jang B,Kim J.Auxetic meta-display: stretchable display without image distortion.Adv Funct Mater2022;32:2113299

[144] Deng Y,Jiao R.Rotating square tessellations enabled stretchable and adaptive curved display.npj Flex Electron2024;8:291

[145] Lee D,Kim T.Stretchable OLEDs based on a hidden active area for high fill factor and resolution compensation.Nat Commun2024;15:4349 PMCID:PMC11150391

[146] Ding Y,Sun L.Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices.Chem Soc Rev2024;53:7784-827

[147] Chun F,Gao Y.Multicolour stretchable perovskite electroluminescent devices for user-interactive displays.Nat Photon2024;18:856-63

[148] Oh H,Jeong S.Mechanically anisotropic stretchable and transparent composite substrates for distortion-free display.Compos Part A Appl S2024;185:108338

[149] Choi JC,Sun JH.Bidirectional zero Poisson’s ratio elastomers with self-deformable soft mechanical metamaterials for stretchable displays.Adv Funct Mater2024;2406725

[150] Lee Y,Song H.A seamless auxetic substrate with a negative Poisson’s ratio of -1.Nat Commun2024;15:7146 PMCID:PMC11339428

[151] Kim T,Jo W,Yoo S.Realizing stretchable OLEDs: a hybrid platform based on rigid island arrays on a stress-relieving bilayer structure.Adv Mater Technol2020;5:2000494

[152] Han R,Zhu Q.Research on the preparation and thermal stability of silicone rubber composites: a review.Compos Part C Open2022;8:100249

[153] Jung S,Kang S.Distribution density-aware compensation for high-resolution stretchable display.IEEE Access2022;10:72470-9