A systematic review of fused deposition modeling process parameters

Abstract

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technique with significant advantages, including cost effectiveness, applicability for a wide range of materials, user-friendliness and small equipment features. However, its poor resolution represents a hindrance for functional parts for commercial production. In this review, the key process parameters are presented with their factors and effects on the characteristics of FDM-printed polymeric products. Hence, better insights into the relationship between key parameters and three main printing characteristics, namely, surface roughness, mechanical strength and dimensional accuracy, in existing FDM research are provided. A conclusion that addresses the challenges and future research directions in this area is also presented.

Keywords

Additive manufacturing / fused deposition modeling / process parameters / polymers / characteristics

References

[1] Mohammed A,Sareh P,Hassanin H.Additive manufacturing technologies for drug delivery applications.Int J Pharm2020;580:119245

[2] Sheoran A, Kumar H. Fused deposition modeling process parameters optimization and effect on mechanical properties and part quality: review and reflection on present research.Mater Today Proc2020;21:1659-72

[3] Abdulhameed O,Ameen W.Additive manufacturing: challenges, trends, and applications.Adv Mech Eng2019;11:168781401882288

[4] Daminabo S,Grammatikos S,Thakur V.Fused deposition modeling-based additive manufacturing (3D printing): techniques for polymer material systems.Mater Today Chem2020;16:100248

[5] Krieger KJ,Dangol M,Lowery MM.Simple and customizable method for fabrication of high-aspect ratio microneedle molds using low-cost 3D printing.Microsyst Nanoeng2019;5:42 PMCID:PMC6799892

[6] Dey A.A systematic survey of FDM process parameter optimization and their influence on part characteristics.JMMP2019;3:64

[7] Solomon IJ,Gunasekaran J.A review on the various processing parameters in FDM.Mater Today Proc2021;37:509-14

[8] Zharylkassyn B,Talamona D.Effect of process parameters and materials on the dimensional accuracy of FDM parts.Mater Today Proc2021;44:1307-11

[9] Elkasabgy NA,Maged A.3D printing: an appealing route for customized drug delivery systems.Int J Pharm2020;588:119732

[10] Casavola C,Moramarco V.Orthotropic mechanical properties of fused deposition modelling parts described by classical laminate theory.Mater Des2016;90:453-8

[11] Mohamed OA,Bhowmik JL.Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: a review of current research and future prospects.Adv Manuf2015;3:42-53

[12] Shaqour B,Abdel-fattah S.Gaining a better understanding of the extrusion process in fused filament fabrication 3D printing: a review.Int J Adv Manuf Technol2021;114:1279-91

[13] Khudiakova A,Spoerk M,Godec D.Inter-layer bonding characterisation between materials with different degrees of stiffness processed by fused filament fabrication.Addit Manuf2019;28:184-93

[14] Li L,Bellehumeur CT.Investigation of bond formation in FDM process.Mater Sci2002;400-7

[15] Garzon-hernandez S,Jérusalem A.Design of FDM 3D printed polymers: An experimental-modelling methodology for the prediction of mechanical properties.Mater Des2020;188:108414

[16] Ngo TD,Imbalzano G,Hui D.Additive manufacturing (3D printing): a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges.Compos Part B Eng2018;143:172-96

[17] Hager I,Putanowicz R.3D Printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction?.Procedia Eng2016;151:292-9

[18] Colpani A,Ceretti E.Design and fabrication of customized tracheal stents by additive manufacturing.Procedia Manuf2020;47:1029-35

[19] Serra T,Toumpaniari R.Design and fabrication of 3D-printed anatomically shaped lumbar cage for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration treatment.Biofabrication2016;8:035001

[20] Cailleaux S,Gueche YA,Soulairol I.Fused deposition modeling (FDM), the new asset for the production of tailored medicines.J Control Release2021;330:821-41

[21] Chen G,Chi Lip Kwok P.Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing.Addit Manuf2020;34:101209

[22] Rajan K,Kadirgama K,Rahman MM.Fused deposition modeling: process, materials, parameters, properties, and applications.Int J Adv Manuf Technol2022;120:1531-70

[23] Kovan V,Topal ES.Effect of layer thickness and print orientation on strength of 3D printed and adhesively bonded single lap joints.J Mechan Sci Technol2017;31:2197-201

[24] Penumakala PK,Thomas A.A critical review on the fused deposition modeling of thermoplastic polymer composites.Compos Part B Eng2020;201:108336

[25] Balani S, Chabert F, Nassiet V, Cantarel A. Influence of printing parameters on the stability of deposited beads in fused filament fabrication of poly(lactic) acid.Addit Manuf2019;25:112-21

[26] Sukindar NA,Baharudin BTHT,Ismail MIS.Analyzing the effect of nozzle diameter in fused deposition modeling for extruding polylactic acid using open source 3D printing.J Teknol2016;78:7-15

[27] Triyono J,Saputra RM.The effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3D printing on porosity and tensile strength parts using polylactic acid material.Open Eng2020;10:762-8

[28] Mwema FM.Basics of fused deposition modelling (FDM), Fused deposition modeling. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. pp. 1-15.

[29] Ahn S,Odell D,Wright PK.Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS.Rapid Prototyp J2002;8:248-57

[30] Vasudevarao B,Henderson M.Sensitivity of Rp surface finish to process parameter variation.Solid Freeform Fabricat Proc2000;251-8

[31] Garzon-hernandez S,Garcia-gonzalez D.A continuum constitutive model for FDM 3D printed thermoplastics.Compos Part B Eng2020;201:108373

[32] Rajpurohit SR.Analysis of tensile strength of a fused filament fabricated PLA part using an open-source 3D printer.Int J Adv Manuf Technol2019;101:1525-36

[33] Elkholy A.Investigation into the influence of fused deposition modeling (FDM) process parameters on the thermal properties of 3D-printed parts. In Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME) International Congress 2018;1-6

[34] Rajpurohit SR.Flexural strength of fused filament fabricated (FFF) PLA parts on an open-source 3D printer.Adv Manuf2018;6:430-41

[35] Çakan BG.Effects of raster angle on tensile and surface roughness properties of various FDM filaments.J Mech Sci Technol2021;35:3347-53

[36] DeCicco A. Effect of build parameters on additive materials, graduate theses and dissertations, worcester polytechnic institute, 2013. Available from: https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-103013-102149 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[37] Galantucci L,Percoco G.Experimental study aiming to enhance the surface finish of fused deposition modeled parts.CIRP Annals2009;58:189-92

[38] Cabreira V.Effect of infill pattern in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing on materials performance.Matéria2020;25:e-12826

[39] Maidin S,Pei E.Feasibility study of ultrasonic frequency application on fdm to improve parts surface finish.J Teknol2015;77:27-35

[40] Ayrilmis N.Effect of layer thickness on surface properties of 3D printed materials produced from wood flour/PLA filament.Polym Test2018;71:163-6

[41] Reddy V,Chaparala A,V A.Study on surface texture of Fused Deposition Modeling.Procedia Manuf2018;25:389-96

[42] Pandey PM,Dhande SG.Improvement of surface finish by staircase machining in fused deposition modeling.J Mater Process Technol2003;132:323-31

[43] Buj-Corral I,Durán-Llucià R.Influence of print orientation on surface roughness in fused deposition modeling (FDM) processes.Materials2019;12:3834 PMCID:PMC6926983

[44] Wang P,Xiao H,Huang C.Effects of printing parameters of fused deposition modeling on mechanical properties, surface quality, and microstructure of PEEK.J Mater Proc Technol2019;271:62-74

[45] Anitha R,Radhakrishnan P.Critical parameters influencing the quality of prototypes in fused deposition modelling.J Mater Proc Technol2001;118:385-8

[46] Nidagundi V,Prakash C.Studies on parametric optimization for fused deposition modelling process.Mater Today Proc2015;2:1691-9

[47] Pérez M,García-Collado A,Carou D.Surface quality enhancement of fused deposition modeling (fdm) printed samples based on the selection of critical printing parameters.Materials (Basel)2018;11:1382 PMCID:PMC6120050

[48] Peng T.Dual-objective analysis for desktop FDM printers: energy consumption and surface roughness.Procedia CIRP2018;69:106-11

[49] Chohan JS,Yadav A.Optimization of FDM printing process parameters on surface finish, thickness, and outer dimension with ABS polymer specimens using taguchi orthogonal array and genetic algorithms.Math Prob Eng2022;2022:1-13

[50] Kumar SD,Sankaranarayanan G.Parameter optimization of ABS-M30i parts produced by fused deposition modeling for minimum surface roughness.Int J Curr Eng Technol2014;3:93-7Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262529212 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[51] Sukindar NA.Optimization of the parameters for surface quality of the open-source 3D printing.J Mechan Eng2017;3:33-3Available from: https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/38508 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[52] Lalehpour A.Post processing for fused deposition modeling parts with acetone vapour bath.IFAC-PapersOnLine2016;49:42-8

[53] Abbas TF,Ali HB.Influence of layer thickness on impact property of 3D-printed PLA.Int Res J Eng Technol2018;5:1-4Available from: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i2/IRJET [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[54] Coogan TJ.Bond and part strength in fused deposition modeling.RPJ2017;23:414-22

[55] Rankouhi B,Delfanian F.Failure analysis and mechanical characterization of 3D printed ABS with respect to layer thickness and orientation.J Fail Anal Preven2016;16:467-81

[56] Leon R,Lease J. Optimizing layer thickness and print orientation of 3D objects for enhanced mechanical property using STRUCTO 3D printers. Available from: https://docplayer.net/39789245-Optimizing-layer-thickness-and-print-orientation-of-3d-objects-for-enhanced-mechanical-property-using-structo-3d-printers.html [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[57] Alafaghani A,Alrawi B.Experimental optimization of fused deposition modelling processing parameters: a design-for-manufacturing approach.Procedia Manuf2017;10:791-803

[58] Wu W,Li G,Zhang H.Influence of layer thickness and raster angle on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK and a comparative mechanical study between PEEK and ABS.Materials2015;8:5834-46 PMCID:PMC5512651

[59] Sharma M,Kala P.Optimization of process variables to improve the mechanical properties of FDM structures.J Phys Conf Ser2019;1240:012061

[60] Ramkumar P.Investigation on the effect of process parameters on impact strength of fused deposition modelling specimens.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2019;491:012026

[61] Rodríguez-Panes A,Camacho AM.The influence of manufacturing parameters on the mechanical behaviour of PLA and ABS pieces manufactured by FDM: a comparative analysis.Materials2018;11:1333 PMCID:PMC6119930

[62] Hussin R,Rahim A.Optimization parameter effects on the strength of 3D-printing process using Taguchi method.AIP Conf Proc Appl Phys Condens Matter2019;2129:020154

[63] Vicente CM,Leite M,Reis L.Influence of fused deposition modeling parameters on the mechanical properties of ABS parts.Polym Adv Technol2019;31:501-7

[64] Aloyaydi B,Mustafa A.Investigation of infill-patterns on mechanical response of 3D printed poly-lactic-acid.Polym Test2020;87:106557

[65] Attoye S,El-mounayri H.Correlation between process parameters and mechanical properties in parts printed by the fused deposition modeling process. In: Kramer S, Jordan JL, Jin H, Carroll J, Beese AM, editors. Mechanics of additive and advanced manufacturing. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. pp. 35-41.

[66] Abdelrhman AM,Kurniawan D.Effect of part orientation on dimensional accuracy, part strength, and surface quality of three dimensional printed part.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2019;694:012048

[67] Eryildiz M.Effect of build orientation on mechanical behaviour and build time of FDM 3D-Printed PLA parts: an experimental investigation.Eur Mechan Sci2021;5:116-20

[68] Vishwas M,Vinyas M.Experimental investigation using taguchi method to optimize process parameters of fused deposition modeling for ABS and nylon materials.Mater Today Proc2018;5:7106-14

[69] Raut S,Khedkar NK.Investigation of the effect of built orientation on mechanical properties and total cost of FDM parts.Procedia Mater Sci2014;6:1625-30

[70] Wang P,Ding S,Huang C.Effects of FDM-3D printing parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of CF/PEEK and GF/PEEK.Chinese J Aeronaut2021;34:236-46

[71] Miazio Ł.Impact of print speed on strength of samples printed in FDM technology.Agric Eng2019;23:33-8

[72] Hwang S,Moon K,Kim NS.Thermo-mechanical characterization of metal/polymer composite filaments and printing parameter study for fused deposition modeling in the 3D printing process.J Elec Mater2015;44:771-7

[73] Pascual A,Tsotra P.On the stability of PEEK for short processing cycles at high temperatures and oxygen-containing atmosphere.Polym Degrad Stab2019;165:161-9

[74] Syrlybayev D,Seisekulova A,Perveen A.Optimisation of strength properties of FDM printed parts-a critical review.Polymers2021;13:1587 PMCID:PMC8157110

[75] Zhou X,Sun Y.Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal behaviour of polylactic acid during the fused deposition process.Virt Phys Prototyp2017;12:221-33

[76] Carneiro O,Gomes R.Fused deposition modeling with polypropylene.Mater Des2015;83:768-76

[77] Liu X,Li S,Peng J.Mechanical property parametric appraisal of fused deposition modeling parts based on the gray Taguchi method.Int J Adv Manuf Technol2017;89:2387-97

[78] Abdullah ZZ,Ali MAM.The effect of layer thickness and raster angles on tensile strength and flexural strength for fused deposition modeling (FDM) parts.J Adv Manuf Technol2017;12:147-58Available from: https://jamt.utem.edu.my/jamt/article/view/4905 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[79] Prasada Rao V, Rajiv P, Navya Geethika V. Effect of fused deposition modelling (FDM) process parameters on tensile strength of carbon fibre PLA.Mater Today Proc2019;18:2012-8

[80] Christiyan K, Chandrasekhar U, Rajesh Mathivanan N, Venkateswarlu K. Influence of manufacturing parameters on the strength of PLA parts using layered manufacturing technique: a statistical approach.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2018;310:012134

[81] Hasçelik S,Özerinç S.Mechanical Properties of Nylon Parts Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling.Int J Mod Manuf Technol2021;13:34-8

[82] Palić N,Jovanović Ž,Grujović N.Mechanical behaviour of small load bearing structures fabricated by 3D printing.Appl Eng Lett2019;4:88-92

[83] George E,Rybicki FJ.Measuring and establishing the accuracy and reproducibility of 3D printed medical models.Radiographics2017;37:1424-50 PMCID:PMC5621728

[84] Farias C,Hemingway C.Three-dimensional (3D) printed microneedles for microencapsulated cell extrusion.Bioengineering (Basel)2018;5:59 PMCID:PMC6164407

[85] Jose PA.3D Printing of pharmaceuticals-a potential technology in developing personalized medicine.Asian J Pharm Res Dev2018;6:46-54

[86] Galantucci L,Kacani J.Analysis of dimensional performance for a 3D open-source printer based on fused deposition modeling technique.Procedia CIRP2015;28:82-7

[87] Sood AK. Study on parametric optimization of fused deposition modelling (FDM) process, graduate theses and dissertations, national institute of technology Rourkela, 2011. Available from: http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3004/1/Thesis_anoop_kumar_sood_-_507me012.pdf [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[88] Nancharaiah T,Raju V. An experimental investigation on surface quality and dimensional accuracy of FDM components. Int J Emerg Technol 2010;1:106-11. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.670.108 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[89] Milde J,Blaha J.Influence of the layer thickness in the fused deposition modeling process on the dimensional and shape accuracy of the upper teeth model.MATEC Web Conf2017;137:02006

[90] Xenikakis I,Tsongas K.Fabrication and finite element analysis of stereolithographic 3D printed microneedles for transdermal delivery of model dyes across human skin in vitro.Eur J Pharm Sci2019;137:104976

[91] Johnson AR.Low cost additive manufacturing of microneedle masters.3D Print Med2019;5:2 PMCID:PMC6676342

[92] Hanon MM,Ma Q.Accuracy investigation of 3D printed PLA with various process parameters and different colors.Mater Today Proc2021;42:3089-96

[93] Elkaseer A,Scholz SG.Experiment-based process modeling and optimization for high-quality and resource-efficient FFF 3D printing.Appl Sci2020;10:2899

[94] Valerga AP,Fernandez-Vidal SR.Impact of chemical post-processing in fused deposition modelling (FDM) on polylactic acid (PLA) surface quality and structure.Polymers (Basel)2019;11:566 PMCID:PMC6473746

[95] Frunzaverde D,Ciubotariu CR.The influence of the printing temperature and the filament color on the dimensional accuracy, tensile strength, and friction performance of FFF-printed PLA specimens.Polymers (Basel)2022;14:1978

[96] Choi Y,Jeong H.Influence of bed temperature on heat shrinkage shape error in fdm additive manufacturing of the abs-engineering plastic.WJET2016;4:186-92

[97] Turner N,Gold RAS.A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: i Process design and modeling.Rapid Prototyp J2014;20:192-204

[98] Harris M,Archer R.In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling.Mater Manuf Proc2019;34:701-13

[99] Rosli A,Ishak KMK,Abdullah MK.Influence of bed temperature on warpage, shrinkage and density of various acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts from fused deposition modelling (FDM).AIP Conf Proce2020;2267:020072

[100] Agarwal KM,Bhatia D,Vaid H.Analyzing the impact of print parameters on dimensional variation of ABS specimens printed using fused deposition modelling (FDM).Sensors Int2022;3:100149

[101] Sood AK,Mahapatra S.Improving dimensional accuracy of fused deposition modelling processed part using grey taguchi method.Mater Des2009;30:4243-52

[102] Padhi SK,Mahapatra SS.Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters using a fuzzy inference system coupled with Taguchi philosophy.Adv Manuf2017;5:231-42

[103] Marwah OMF,Darsani A.Investigation for shrinkage deformation in the desktop 3D printer process by using DOE approach of the ABS materials.J Phys Conf Ser2019;1150:012038

[104] Suaidi SNSW,Sulaiman SB.The effect of fused deposition modelling process parameters on the quality of abs product.J Automot Power Transport Technol2021;2:45-58

[105] Robles GS,Del Rosario RLB,Dizon JRC.Dimensional accuracy of 3D - printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene: effect of size, layer thickness, and infill density.Key Eng Mater2022;913:17-25

[106] Baraheni M,Tabatabaee AM.Practical examining performance of the FDM 3D printed parts.Res Square2022;1:1-25

[107] Chatzidai N.Experimental and numerical study on the influence of critical 3D printing processing parameters.Frat Integrità Strutt2019;13:407-13

[108] Wickramasinghe S,Tran P.FDM-based 3D printing of polymer and associated composite: a review on mechanical properties, defects and treatments.Polymers (Basel)2020;12:1529 PMCID:PMC7407763

[109] Gurrala PK.Part strength evolution with bonding between filaments in fused deposition modelling: This paper studies how coalescence of filaments contributes to the strength of final FDM part.Virtual Phys Prototyp2014;9:141-9

[110] Seppala JE,Hillgartner KE,Migler KB.Weld formation during material extrusion additive manufacturing.Soft Matter2017;13:6761-9 PMCID:PMC5684701

[111] Huang B.Raster angle mechanics in fused deposition modelling.J Compos Mater2015;49:363-83

[112] Weeren RV,Jamalabad VR.Quality of parts processed by fused deposition.Mater Sci1995;

[113] Mali HS,Gupta D.Abrasive flow finishing of FDM printed parts using a sustainable media.Rapid Prototyp J2018;24:593-606

[114] Lalegani Dezaki M, Mohd Ariffin MKA, Baharuddin BTHT. Experimental study of drilling 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) in FDM Process. In: Dave HK, Davim JP, editors. Fused Deposition Modeling Based 3D Printing. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 85-106.

[115] Vinitha M,Mallik M.Optimization of speed parameters in burnishing of samples fabricated by fused deposition modeling.Int J Mechan Indust Eng2013:243-5

[116] Žigon J,Pavlič M.Surface finishing of 3D-printed polymers with selected coatings.Polymers (Basel)2020;12:2797 PMCID:PMC7760528

[117] Kumbhar NN.Post processing methods used to improve surface finish of products which are manufactured by additive manufacturing technologies: a review.J Inst Eng India Ser C2018;99:481-7

[118] Chohan JS.Pre and post processing techniques to improve surface characteristics of FDM parts: a state of art review and future applications.Rapid Prototyp J2017;23:495-513

[119] Hashmi AW,Meena A.The surface quality improvement methods for FDM printed parts: a review. In: Dave HK, Davim JP, editors. Fused deposition modeling based 3D printing. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 167-94.

[120] Luzanin O,Plancak M.Experimental Investigation of extrusion speed and temperature effect on arithmetic mean surface roughness in FDM-built specimens.J Technol Plast2013;38:179-90Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262255426 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[121] Prasad M,Krishna NJ.Improving the surface roughness of FDM parts by using hybrid methods.Int J Eng Techni Res2019;3:650-4

[122] Akande S.Dimensional accuracy and surface finish optimization of fused deposition modelling parts using desirability function analysis.Int J Eng Res Technol2015;V4:196-202

[123] Chaidas D,Kechagias J.The impact of temperature changing on surface roughness of FFF process.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2016;161:012033

[124] Kishore KL.Effect of process parameters on the mechanical behavior of FDM processed PLA parts.Int J Manag Technol Eng2018;8:718-23Available from: http://ijamtes.org/gallery/78 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[125] Kovan V,Topal ES.Printing parameters effect on surface characteristics of 3D printed PLA materials.Int Sci J Mach Technol Mater2018;269:266-9Available from: https://stumejournals.com/journals/mtm/2018/7/266 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[126] Velineni A. Investigation on selected factors causing variability in additive manufactured parts, graduate theses and dissertations, Iowa: Iowa State University, 2018. Available from: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16891 [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[127] Jatti VS,Patel AP.A study on effect of fused deposition modeling process parameters on mechanical properties.Int J Sci Technol Res2019;8:689-93Available from: www.ijstr.org [Last accessed on 29 June 2022].

[128] Mishra S,Banerjee D.An experimental investigation of surface roughness of FDM build parts by chemical misting.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2019;653:012043

[129] Jiang J,Stringer J.Effect of extrusion temperature on printable threshold overhang in additive manufacturing.Procedia CIRP2019;81:1376-81

[130] Yunus M.Effect of raster inclinations and part positions on mechanical properties, surface roughness and manufacturing price of printed parts produced by fused deposition method.J Mech Eng Sci2020;14:7416-23

[131] Sammaiah P,Praveenadevi N.The influence of process parameters on the surface roughness of the 3D printed part in fdm process.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2020;981:042021

[132] Sumalatha M,Supraja Reddy B.Optimization of process parameters in 3D printing-fused deposition modeling using taguchi method.IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2021;1112:012009

[133] Rayegani F.Fused deposition modelling (FDM) process parameter prediction and optimization using group method for data handling (GMDH) and differential evolution (DE).Int J Adv Manuf Technol2014;73:509-19

[134] Shubham P,Chand T.The influence of layer thickness on mechanical properties of the 3D printed ABS polymer by fused deposition modeling.Key Eng Mater2016;706:63-7

[135] Chacón J,García-plaza E.Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection.Mater Des2017;124:143-57

[136] Kuznetsov VE,Urzhumtsev OD,Tavitov AG.Strength of PLA components fabricated with fused deposition technology using a desktop 3D printer as a function of geometrical parameters of the process.Polymers (Basel)2018;10:313 PMCID:PMC6414919

[137] Benwood C,Andrzejewski J,Mohanty AK.Improving the impact strength and heat resistance of 3D printed models: structure, property, and processing correlationships during fused deposition modeling (FDM) of poly(lactic acid).ACS Omega2018;3:4400-11 PMCID:PMC6641607

[138] Spoerk M,Sapkota J,Holzer C.Effect of the printing bed temperature on the adhesion of parts produced by fused filament fabrication.Plast Rubber Compos2017;47:17-24

[139] Ding S,Wang P.Effects of nozzle temperature and building orientation on mechanical properties and microstructure of PEEK and PEI printed by 3D-FDM.Polym Test2019;78:105948

[140] Khabia S.Influence of change in layer thickness on mechanical properties of components 3D printed on Zortrax M 200 FDM printer with Z-ABS filament material & Accucraft i250+ FDM printer with low cost ABS filament material.Mater Today Proc2020;26:1315-22

[141] Nayak P, Kumar Sahu A, Sankar Mahapatra S. Effect of process parameters on the mechanical behavior of FDM and DMLS build parts.Mater Today Proce2020;22:1443-51

[142] Zhao Y,Li Y.Mechanical characterization of biocompatible PEEK by FDM.J Manuf Proc2020;56:28-42

[143] Vălean C,Mărghitaș M,Razavi J.Effect of manufacturing parameters on tensile properties of FDM printed specimens.Procedia Struct Integr2020;26:313-20

[144] Yadav DK,Dev S.Design & fabrication of ABS part by FDM for automobile application.Mater Today Proc2020;26:2089-93

[145] Ouballouch A,Ettaqi S,Sallaou M.Evaluation of dimensional accuracy and mechanical behavior of 3D printed reinforced polyamide parts.Procedia Struct Integr2019;19:433-41

[146] Azhikannickal E.Dimensional stability of 3D printed parts: effects of process parameters.Ohio J Sci2019;119:9