Portable electrochemical systems for on-site detection of heavy metal ions: Principles, hardware architectures, and field applications

Abstract

Heavy metal ions (HMIs) pose persistent risks to ecosystems and human health owing to their toxicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation. Conventional laboratory techniques provide high sensitivity and accuracy, but their dependence on bulky instruments, skilled operators, and complex pretreatment restricts rapid on-site screening. Portable electrochemical systems offer a complementary strategy by integrating sensing electrodes, potentiostatic control, weak-current readout, and software-based signal processing to convert interfacial redox reactions into measurable electrical signals. This review examines portable electrochemical HMI detection from three perspectives: detection principles, hardware architectures, and field applications. It summarizes redox and stripping mechanisms, baseline correction, limit-of-detection (LOD) estimation, potentiostat evolution, and single- and multi-metal detection in complex matrices. Key bottlenecks include matrix-induced peak drift and fouling, coexisting-ion interference, limitations in weak-current readout, and insufficient field standardization. Future progress will require co-optimized sensing interfaces, low-noise electronics, multichannel and flow-cell formats, field calibration, and data-driven peak analysis.

Keywords

Heavy metal ions / portable electrochemical sensing / potentiostat / on-site detection

Authors contributions

Zheng Y: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, visualization, writing-original draft. Chen J, Fu L: Validation, writing-review & editing. Huang X: Supervision, funding acquisition, writing-review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62271184), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFD2000100), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (Grant No. GK249909299001).

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