Through-space interaction enables simultaneous enhancements of kr and kRISC in highly efficient spiro-acridine based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter with acridone acceptor

Yongqiang Mei; Di Liu; Jiuyan Li; Min Xu; Jiahui Wang; Jing Jin; Lijuan Xie; Huihui Wan

doi:10.1002/smo.20240055

Smart Molecules ›› 2025, Vol. 3 ›› Issue (4) :e20240055 DOI: 10.1002/smo.20240055

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Through-space interaction enables simultaneous enhancements of k_r and k_RISC in highly efficient spiro-acridine based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter with acridone acceptor

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Abstract

Most of acridine based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are characterized by advantageous reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate (k_RISCs) due to the perpendicular orientation of the acridine donor to the acceptor moiety, but suffer from a poor radiation rate (k_r) typically in the order of 10⁶ s⁻¹. Herein, two sky blue TADF emitters 3,6-DMAC-AD-Py and 3,6-SFAC-AD-Py were developed by linking acridine (DMAC) and spiro-fluorene-acridine (SFAC) donors to 10-(pyridin-2-yl)acridin-9(10H)-one (AD-Py) acceptor. Larger SFAC and electron-deficient pyridyl groups are deliberately incorporated in 3,6-SFAC-AD-Py since the unique through-space interaction between them is designed to drive the rotation of inner acridine ring in SFAC for enhancing frontier molecular orbitals overlap while keeping a decent TADF behavior. Thus, the k_r of 3,6-SFAC-AD-Py is increased to 1.5 × 10⁷ s⁻¹. Simultaneously, SFAC donors improve spin orbital coupling strength and reduce the energy gaps, generating k_RISC of 1.8 × 10⁶ s⁻¹. This is the first acridine donor based TADF emitter realizing k_r of 10⁷ s⁻¹ and k_RISC of 10⁶ s⁻¹ by a through-space interaction strategy. 3,6-SFAC-AD-Py enables a highly efficient sky-blue organic light-emitting diode with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 34.7% and Commission International de I'Eclairage coordinates of (0.19, 0.37). More importantly, the EQE still remained 27.6% and 16.9% at high brightness of 1000 and 10,000 cd m⁻².

Keywords

acridine donor / intramolecular through-space interaction / low efficiency roll-off / radiative rate constant / reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) / thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF)

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Yongqiang Mei, Di Liu, Jiuyan Li, Min Xu, Jiahui Wang, Jing Jin, Lijuan Xie, Huihui Wan. Through-space interaction enables simultaneous enhancements of k_r and k_RISC in highly efficient spiro-acridine based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter with acridone acceptor. Smart Molecules, 2025, 3(4): e20240055 DOI:10.1002/smo.20240055

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