Recent advances in microbial enzyme systems for paddy straw bioconversion and composting

Abstract

Paddy straw is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic agricultural residues generated worldwide, and its improper disposal through open-field burning contributes significantly to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient loss, and soil degradation. Sustainable management of paddy straw therefore requires efficient and eco-friendly biodegradation approaches. This review highlights the role of lignocellulolytic microorganisms and their enzyme systems in the biodegradation and valorization of paddy straw. The structural complexity of paddy straw, mainly due to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, limits natural degradation and necessitates the synergistic action of specialized microbial communities and extracellular enzymes. The review discusses the contributions of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in producing cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, laccases, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase involved in lignocellulose breakdown. It also summarizes microbial mechanisms of degradation and the influence of substrate characteristics, environmental conditions, and microbial interactions on enzymatic efficiency. Special emphasis is placed on microbial consortia, pretreatment strategies, and recent advances in consortium engineering for accelerated decomposition and biomass valorization. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive understanding of sustainable paddy straw management through integrated microbial and enzymatic biotechnological approaches.

Keywords

Agro-residue / Bioaugmentation / Delignification / Enzyme synergism / Saccharification

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