Cyanobacterial biorefinery: sustainable wastewater management for generation of biofuels and high-value products aligning with a circular economy approach

Abstract

The integrated cyanobacterial biorefineries are emerging as versatile microbial cell factories, where waste management can be coupled with simultaneous resource recovery to align with the circular economy approach. This review emphasizes the use of domestic or industrial wastewaters for cultivation of these photosynthetic prokaryotes due to their ability to simultaneously recover nutrients, capture CO₂ and produce multiple high-value bioproducts, including pigments, exopolysaccharides, bioplastics, nanomaterials and/ or biofuels. However, the major technical bottlenecks, such as low biomass productivity, wastewater variability, instability of engineered strains, cost-effective harvesting and downstream processing and insufficient pilot-scale validation remain the critical constraints for commercial success. Therefore, this review emphasizes the use of recent advancements, such as metabolic engineering, CRISPR-based genome editing, metabolic flux analysis, multi-omics strategies to improve productivity. Additionally, the techno-economic and life cycle assessment approaches are also discussed, which may help to evaluate the possible environmental impacts and industrial feasibility of the cyanobacterial biorefineries. Thus, this review proposes transformation of wastewater treatment systems into near zero-waste, scalable and low-cost multiproduct biorefineries aimed at achieving both economic viability and environmental sustainability.

Keywords

Cyanobacteria / Wastewater management / Biofuels / Multi-omics / Circular bioeconomy

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Funding

Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission (GSBTM), DST, Government of Gujarat(GSBTM/JD(R&D)/626/22-23/00018350)

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