Biological upcycling of conditionally biodegradable plastics: enzymatic depolymerization to microbial valorization and consolidated bioprocessing frameworks

Yunhee Jeong , Sol Min Han , Jieun Wu , KwangYoung Park , Yunjeong Song , Yung-Hun Yang , Kyung-Jin Kim , Jungoh Ahn , Kyungmoon Park , See-Hyoung Park , Si Jae Park , Eun Ju Yun , Hyun June Park , Hee Taek Kim

Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing ›› 2026, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (2) : 38

PDF
Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing ›› 2026, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (2) :38 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-026-00437-9
Review
review-article

Biological upcycling of conditionally biodegradable plastics: enzymatic depolymerization to microbial valorization and consolidated bioprocessing frameworks

Author information +
History +
PDF

Keywords

Biological upcycling / Enzymatic depolymerization / Conditionally biodegradable plastics / Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) / Circular biomanufacturing

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Yunhee Jeong, Sol Min Han, Jieun Wu, KwangYoung Park, Yunjeong Song, Yung-Hun Yang, Kyung-Jin Kim, Jungoh Ahn, Kyungmoon Park, See-Hyoung Park, Si Jae Park, Eun Ju Yun, Hyun June Park, Hee Taek Kim. Biological upcycling of conditionally biodegradable plastics: enzymatic depolymerization to microbial valorization and consolidated bioprocessing frameworks. Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing, 2026, 6(2): 38 DOI:10.1007/s43393-026-00437-9

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

References

[1]

Aarthy M, Puhazhselvan P, Aparna R, George AS, Gowthaman MK, Ayyadurai Net al.. Growth associated degradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Cryptococcus sp. MTCC 5455. Polym Degrad Stab, 2018, 152: 20-28

[2]

Abdel-Motaal FF, El-Sayed MA, El-Zayat SA, Ito S-i. Biodegradation of poly (ε-caprolactone)(PCL) film and foam plastic by Pseudozyma japonica sp. nov., a novel cutinolytic ustilaginomycetous yeast species. 3 Biotech, 2014, 4(5): 507-512

[3]

Abdel-Rahman MA, Sonomoto K. Opportunities to overcome the current limitations and challenges for efficient microbial production of optically pure lactic acid. J Biotechnol, 2016, 236: 176-192

[4]

Abedi E, Hashemi SMB. Lactic acid production–producing microorganisms and substrates sources-state of art. Heliyon. 2020;6(10).

[5]

Ackermann YS, Li W-J, de Hipt LO, Niehoff P-J, Casey W, Polen Tet al.. Engineering adipic acid metabolism in Pseudomonas putida. Metab Eng, 2021, 67: 29-40

[6]

Aguilera L, Campos E, Giménez R, Badía J, Aguilar J, Baldoma L. Dual role of LldR in regulation of the lldPRD operon, involved in l-lactate metabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol, 2008, 190(8): 2997-3005

[7]

Akgüller Ö, Balcı MA. Machine learning-driven multi-objective optimization of enzyme combinations for plastic degradation: an ensemble framework integrating sequence features and network topology. Processes, 2025, 13(6 1936

[8]

Akkaya Ö, Pérez-Pantoja DR, Calles B, Nikel PI, de Lorenzo V. The metabolic redox regime of Pseudomonas putida tunes its evolvability toward novel xenobiotic substrates. Mbio, 2018, 94 10.1128/mbio. 01512–18

[9]

Aliotta L, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A, Gigante V, Cinelli P. A brief review of poly (butylene succinate)(PBS) and its main copolymers: synthesis, blends, composites, biodegradability, and applications. Polymers, 2022, 144 844

[10]

Al-Shameri A, Siebert DL, Sutiono S, Lauterbach L, Sieber V. Hydrogenase-based oxidative biocatalysis without oxygen. Nat Commun, 2023, 141 2693

[11]

Alvarado E, Castro R, Castro-Rodríguez JA, Navarro A, Farrés A. Poly (lactic acid) degradation by recombinant cutinases from Aspergillus nidulans. Polymers, 2024, 1614 1994

[12]

Andersson C, Helmerius J, Hodge D, Berglund KA, Rova U. Inhibition of succinic acid production in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli by neutralizing agent, organic acids, and osmolarity. Biotechnol Prog, 2009, 251): 116-123

[13]

Asadi MJ, Ghayebzadeh M, Mousavi SMS, Taghipour H, Aslani H. Investigating the amount of macro, meso, and microplastics in the surface soil around the landfill of Tabriz and the effect of the prevailing wind on their distribution. Heliyon, 2025

[14]

Atanasova N, Paunova-Krasteva T, Stoitsova S, Radchenkova N, Boyadzhieva I, Petrov Ket al.. Degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) by a thermophilic community and Brevibacillus thermoruber strain 7 isolated from bulgarian hot spring. Biomolecules, 2021, 11(10): 1488

[15]

Babaei M, Rueksomtawin Kildegaard K, Niaei A, Hosseini M, Ebrahimi S, Sudarsan Set al.. Engineering oleaginous yeast as the host for fermentative succinic acid production from glucose. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2019, 7: 361

[16]

Balu R, Dutta NK, Roy Choudhury N. Plastic waste upcycling: a sustainable solution for waste management, product development, and circular economy. Polymers, 2022, 1422 4788

[17]

Bao T, Qian Y, Xin Y, Collins JJ, Lu T. Engineering microbial division of labor for plastic upcycling. Nat Commun, 2023, 141 5712

[18]

Barletta M, Aversa C, Ayyoob M, Gisario A, Hamad K, Mehrpouya Met al.. Poly (butylene succinate)(PBS): materials, processing, and industrial applications. Prog Polym Sci, 2022, 132 101579

[19]

Bart JC, Cavallaro S. Transiting from adipic acid to bioadipic acid. 1, petroleum-based processes. Ind Eng Chem Res, 2015, 5411-46

[20]

Barzantny H, Brune I, Tauch A. Molecular basis of human body odour formation: insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences. Int J Cosmet Sci, 2012, 34(1): 2-11

[21]

Becker J, Kuhl M, Kohlstedt M, Starck S, Wittmann C. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of cis, cis-muconic acid from lignin. Microb Cell Fact, 2018, 17(1 115

[22]

Bianchi M, Dorigato A, Morreale M, Pegoretti A. Evaluation of the physical and shape memory properties of fully biodegradable poly (lactic acid)(PLA)/poly (butylene adipate terephthalate)(PBAT) blends. Polymers, 2023, 154 881

[23]

Biundo A, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Spreitzhofer T, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Engineering of the zinc-binding domain of an esterase from Clostridium botulinum towards increased activity on polyesters. Catal Sci Technol, 2017, 76): 1440-1447

[24]

Branson Y, Liu J, Schmidt L, Griebel J, Prager A, Stieler Let al.. One‐pot depolymerization of mixed plastics using a dual enzyme system. Chemsuschem, 2025, 18(9 e202402416

[25]

Bretschneider L, Heuschkel I, Wegner M, Lindmeyer M, Bühler K, Karande Ret al.. Conversion of cyclohexane to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid using recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Front Catal, 2021, 1 683248

[26]

Bretschneider L, Heuschkel I, Buehler K, Karande R, Buehler B. Rational orthologous pathway and biochemical process engineering for adipic acid production using Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Metab Eng, 2022, 70: 206-217

[27]

Brothers HR, Chambenahalli R, Nichol GS, Garden JA, Jenkins DM. Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone with a macrocyclic tetracarbene indium complex. Dalton Trans, 2025, 542): 487-491

[28]

Bruder M, Moo-Young M, Chung DA, Chou CP. Elimination of carbon catabolite repression in Clostridium acetobutylicum: a journey toward simultaneous use of xylose and glucose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2015, 99(18): 7579-7588

[29]

Brzostowicz PC, Walters DM, Thomas SM, Nagarajan V, Rouviere PE. mRNA differential display in a microbial enrichment culture: simultaneous identification of three cyclohexanone monooxygenases from three species. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2003, 69(1): 334-342

[30]

Bubpachat T, Sombatsompop N, Prapagdee B. Isolation and role of polylactic acid-degrading bacteria on degrading enzymes productions and PLA biodegradability at mesophilic conditions. Polym Degrad Stab, 2018, 152: 75-85

[31]

Burford T, Rieg W, Madbouly S. Biodegradable poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT). Phys Sci Rev, 2023, 8(8): 1127-1156

[32]

Burgard A, Burk MJ, Osterhout R, Van Dien S, Yim H. Development of a commercial scale process for production of 1, 4-butanediol from sugar. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2016, 42: 118-125

[33]

Campione SA, Kelliher CM, Roth C, Cho CY, Deckard A, Motta Fet al.. Identification and correction of time-series transcriptomic anomalies. Nucleic Acids Res, 2025, 53(12): gkaf524

[34]

Cannon JA, Zhou Y, Qualey LT, Reynolds TB. Surface‐associated residues in subtilisins contribute to poly‐l‐lactic acid depolymerization via enzyme adsorption. Microb Biotechnol, 2024, 176 e14473

[35]

Chai Y, Kolter R, Losick R. A widely conserved gene cluster required for lactate utilization in Bacillus subtilis and its involvement in biofilm formation. J Bacteriol, 2009, 19182423-2430

[36]

Changjiu X, Yongjia Y, Yi Z, Min L, Bin Z, Xinxin Pet al.. One-pot synthesis of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid from cyclohexanone catalyzed by dealuminated HBEA zeolite with aqueous 30% H2O2 solution. China Pet Process Petrochem Technol, 2018, 3(20): 1-6

[37]

Chatani Y, Okita Y, Tadokoro H, Yamashita Y. Structural studies of polyesters. III. Crystal structure of poly-ε-caprolactone. Polym J, 1970, 1(5): 555-562

[38]

Chen S, Lin J, Lin C. Compositions of injectable poly‐d, l‐lactic acid and injectable poly‐l‐lactic acid. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2020, 45(3): 347-348

[39]

Chhetri G, Jeon J-M, Hwang G, Choi T-R, Yang Y-H, Cha C-Jet al.. Biodegradation of PCL, PBS, and PBAT at low temperatures by Aeromicrobium sp. JJY06: a newly isolated strain for cold-environment plastic cleanup. J Hazard Mater, 2025

[40]

Chua T-K, Tseng M, Yang M-K. Degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) by thermophilic Streptomyces thermoviolaceus subsp. thermoviolaceus 76T-2. AMB Express, 2013, 3(1 8

[41]

Clarkson SM, Giannone RJ, Kridelbaugh DM, Elkins JG, Guss AM, Michener JK. Construction and optimization of a heterologous pathway for protocatechuate catabolism in Escherichia coli enables bioconversion of model aromatic compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2017, 8318): e01313-e1317

[42]

Clomburg JM, Blankschien MD, Vick JE, Chou A, Kim S, Gonzalez R. Integrated engineering of β-oxidation reversal and ω-oxidation pathways for the synthesis of medium chain ω-functionalized carboxylic acids. Metab Eng, 2015, 28: 202-212

[43]

Cui Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Dong S, Tian YE, Qiao Y, Wu B. Computational redesign of a PETase for plastic biodegradation under ambient condition by the GRAPE strategy. Acs Catal, 2021, 11(3): 1340-1350

[44]

Dato'ir DR Wan RB, Daud W, Yuhana DNYB. Production of Maleic Anhydride from oxidation of n-butane: The National University of Malaysia; 2015.

[45]

de Op Hipt L, Ackermann YS, de Jong H, Polen T, Wynands B, Wierckx N. Engineering of 1, 4‐butanediol and adipic acid metabolism in Pseudomonas taiwanensis for upcycling to aromatic compounds. Microb Biotechnol, 2025, 18(8 e70205

[46]

de Witt J, Luthe T, Wiechert J, Jensen K, Polen T, Wirtz Aet al.. Upcycling of polyamides through chemical hydrolysis and engineered Pseudomonas putida. Nat Microbiol, 2025, 103): 667-680

[47]

Decorosi F, Exana ML, Pini F, Adessi A, Messini A, Giovannetti Let al.. The degradative capabilities of new Amycolatopsis isolates on polylactic acid. Microorganisms, 2019, 7(12 590

[48]

Deng C, Lv X, Li J, Liu Y, Du G, Liu L. Development of a DNA double-strand break-free base editing tool in Corynebacterium glutamicum for genome editing and metabolic engineering. Metab Eng Commun, 2020, 11 e00135

[49]

Deng B, Yue Y, Yang J, Yang M, Xing Q, Peng Het al.. Improving the activity and thermostability of PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis through modulating its post-translational glycan modification. Commun Biol, 2023, 61 39

[50]

Deshoulles Q, Le Gall M, Benali S, Raquez J, Dreanno C, Arhant Met al.. Hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)-Towards an understanding of microplastics fragmentation. Polym Degrad Stab, 2022, 205 110122

[51]

Dhaka V, Singh S, Anil AG, Sunil Kumar Naik T, Garg S, Samuel Jet al.. Occurrence, toxicity and remediation of polyethylene terephthalate plastics. A review. Environ Chem Lett, 2022, 203): 1777-1800

[52]

Dickson R, Mancini E, Garg N, Woodley JM, Gernaey KV, Pinelo Met al.. Sustainable bio-succinic acid production: superstructure optimization, techno-economic, and lifecycle assessment. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14(6): 3542-3558

[53]

Djapovic M, Milivojevic D, Ilic-Tomic T, Lješević M, Nikolaivits E, Topakas Eet al.. Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) precursors and potential degradation products: Toxicity study and application in discovery of novel PETases. Chemosphere, 2021, 275 130005

[54]

Efe C, Straathof AJ, van der Wielen LA. Options for biochemical production of 4‐hydroxybutyrate and its lactone as a substitute for petrochemical production. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2008, 99(6): 1392-1406

[55]

Erfle J, Sauer F. The inhibitory effects of acyl-coenzyme a esters on the pyruvate and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1969, 178(3): 441-452

[56]

Escanciano IA, Wojtusik M, Esteban J, Ladero M, Santos VE. Modeling the succinic acid bioprocess: a review. Fermentation, 2022, 8(8 368

[57]

Fayshal MA. Current practices of plastic waste management, environmental impacts, and potential alternatives for reducing pollution and improving management. Heliyon, 2024

[58]

Fedorchuk TP, Khusnutdinova AN, Evdokimova E, Flick R, Di Leo R, Stogios Pet al.. One-pot biocatalytic transformation of adipic acid to 6-aminocaproic acid and 1, 6-hexamethylenediamine using carboxylic acid reductases and transaminases. J Am Chem Soc, 2019, 1422): 1038-1048

[59]

Fei F, Su Z, Liu R, Gao R, Sun C. Efficient biodegradation of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) in mild temperature by cutinases derived from a marine fungus. J Hazard Mater, 2024, 480 136008

[60]

Fernandes M, Vicente AA, Salvador AF. Microorganisms and enzymes involved in polybutylene adipate terephthalate biodegradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2025, 109(1): 1-12

[61]

Florek LC, Lin X, Lin Y-C, Lin M-H, Chakraborty A, Price-Whelan Aet al.. The l-lactate dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are conditionally regulated but both contribute to survival during macrophage infection. Mbio, 2024, 15(9): e00852-e924

[62]

Fonseca P, Moreno R, Rojo F. Growth of Pseudomonas putida at low temperature: global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Environ Microbiol Rep, 2011, 3(3): 329-339

[63]

Fujiwara R, Sanuki R, Ajiro H, Fukui T, Yoshida S. Direct fermentative conversion of poly (ethylene terephthalate) into poly (hydroxyalkanoate) by Ideonella sakaiensis. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1 19991

[64]

Gaivoronskii A, Granzhan V. Solubility of adipic acid in organic solvents and water. Russ J Appl Chem, 2005, 783): 404-408

[65]

Gambarini V, Pavlov N, Young P, Dawes S, Auffret A, Kingsbury JMet al.. Molecular mechanisms of plastic biodegradation by the fungus Clonostachys rosea. Mbio, 2025

[66]

Gamerith C, Vastano M, Ghorbanpour SM, Zitzenbacher S, Ribitsch D, Zumstein MTet al.. Enzymatic degradation of aromatic and aliphatic polyesters by P. pastoris expressed cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica. Front Microbiol, 2017, 8 938

[67]

Gao C, Jiang T, Dou P, Ma C, Li L, Kong Jet al.. NAD-independent l-lactate dehydrogenase is required for l-lactate utilization in Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5 e36519

[68]

Gao C, Hu C, Zheng Z, Ma C, Jiang T, Dou Pet al.. Lactate utilization is regulated by the FadR-type regulator LldR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol, 2012, 19410): 2687-2692

[69]

Gao C, Tang W, Guo L, Hu G, Liu J, Liu Let al.. Improving succinate production by engineering oxygen-dependent dynamic pathway regulation in Escherichia coli. Syst Microbiol Biomanuf, 2022, 2(2): 331-344

[70]

García ÁC, Hauptmann P, Neubauer P. Molecular genetic approaches to decrease the uncontrolled misincorporation of non-canonical branched chain amino acids into recombinant mini-proinsulin expressed in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact, 2022, 21(1 30

[71]

Gioia C, Giacobazzi G, Vannini M, Totaro G, Sisti L, Colonna Met al.. End of life of biodegradable plastics: composting versus Re/upcycling. Chemsuschem, 2021, 1419): 4167-4175

[72]

Granados ML, Moreno J, Alba-Rubio AC, Iglesias J, Alonso DM, Mariscal R. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of maleic acid with stoichiometric amounts of formic acid in aqueous phase: paving the way for more sustainable succinic acid production. Green Chem, 2020, 22(6): 1859-1872

[73]

Gubellini F, Verdon G, Karpowich NK, Luff JD, Boel G, Gauthier N, et al. Physiological response to membrane protein overexpression in E. coli. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2011;10(10).

[74]

Guidi C, De Wannemaeker L, De Baets J, Demeester W, Maertens J, De Paepe Bet al.. Dynamic feedback regulation for efficient membrane protein production using a small RNA-based genetic circuit in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact, 2022, 21(1): 260

[75]

Hara H, Eltis LD, Davies JE, Mohn WW. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a bifurcated terephthalate degradation pathway in Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1. J Bacteriol, 2007, 18951641-1647

[76]

He S, Han Y, Qin X. Advances in accounting methodology of nitrous oxide emissions from the adipic acid industry. J Environ Sci, 2025, 157: 615-632

[77]

Hegyesi N, Hodosi E, Polyák P, Faludi G, Balogh-Weiser D, Pukánszky B. Controlled degradation of poly-ε-caprolactone for resorbable scaffolds. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2020, 186 110678

[78]

Hirshfield IN, Terzulli S, O'Byrne C. Weak organic acids: a panoply of effects on bacteria. Sci Prog, 2003, 86(4): 245-270

[79]

Hoglund A, Odelius K, Albertsson A-C. Crucial differences in the hydrolytic degradation between industrial polylactide and laboratory-scale poly (l-lactide). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2012, 4(5): 2788-2793

[80]

Hosaka M, Kamimura N, Toribami S, Mori K, Kasai D, Fukuda Met al.. Novel tripartite aromatic acid transporter essential for terephthalate uptake in Comamonas sp. strain E6. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2013, 79(19): 6148-6155

[81]

Hu X, Gao Z, Wang Z, Su T, Yang L, Li P. Enzymatic degradation of poly (butylene succinate) by cutinase cloned from Fusarium solani. Polym Degrad Stab, 2016, 134: 211-219

[82]

Hu T, Wang Y, Ma L, Wang Z, Tong H. Biodegradation of polybutylene succinate by an extracellular esterase from Pseudomonas mendocina. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 2024, 195 105910

[83]

Huang Q, Hiyama M, Kabe T, Kimura S, Iwata T. Enzymatic self-biodegradation of poly (l-lactic acid) films by embedded heat-treated and immobilized proteinase K. Biomacromol, 2020, 21(8): 3301-3307

[84]

Huang Q, Kimura S, Iwata T. Thermal embedding of Humicola insolens cutinase: a strategy for improving polyester biodegradation in seawater. Biomacromol, 2023, 24(12): 5836-5846

[85]

Hung Y-HR, Chae M, Sauvageau D, Bressler DC. Adapted feeding strategies in fed-batch fermentation improve sugar delivery and ethanol productivity. Bioengineered, 2023, 14(1 2250950

[86]

Hwang E, Yang Y-H, Choi J, Park S-H, Park K, Lee J. Biodegradable plastics as sustainable alternatives: advances, basics, challenges, and directions for the future. Materials, 2025, 1818 4247

[87]

Ikada Y, Jamshidi K, Tsuji H, Hyon SH. Stereocomplex formation between enantiomeric poly (lactides). Macromolecules, 1987, 204): 904-906

[88]

Ishii N, Inoue Y, Tagaya T, Mitomo H, Nagai D, Kasuya K-i. Isolation and characterization of poly (butylene succinate)-degrading fungi. Polym Degrad Stab, 2008, 93(5): 883-888

[89]

Ismail M, Abouhmad A, Warlin N, Pyo S-H, Örn OE, Al-Rudainy Bet al.. Closing the loop for poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) recycling: depolymerization, monomers separation, and upcycling. Green Chem, 2024, 26(7): 3863-3873

[90]

Iwagami SG, Yang K, Davies J. Characterization of the protocatechuic acid catabolic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. strain 2065. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2000, 66(4): 1499-1508

[91]

Jacquel N, Freyermouth F, Fenouillot F, Rousseau A, Pascault JP, Fuertes Pet al.. Synthesis and properties of poly (butylene succinate): efficiency of different transesterification catalysts. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem, 2011, 49(24): 5301-5312

[92]

Jahangeer M, Rehman MU, Nelofer R, Nadeem M, Munir B, Smułek Wet al.. Biotransformation of lignocellulosic biomass to value-added bioproducts: insights into bio-saccharification strategies and potential concerns. Top Catal, 2025, 68(9): 929-950

[93]

Jang Y, Kim M, Kim Y, Yu J, Kim S-K, Han Jet al.. Enhancing biodegradation of PBAT through bio-stimulation using Pseudozyma jejuensis for effective plastic waste reduction. Chemosphere, 2023, 340 139867

[94]

Jiang Z, Chen X, Xue H, Li Z, Lei J, Yu Met al.. Novel polyurethane-degrading cutinase BaCut1 from Blastobotrys sp. G-9 with potential role in plastic bio-recycling. J Hazard Mater, 2024, 472 134493

[95]

Jiang Z, Hou F, Chen J, Wang B, Song S, Li Jet al.. Synthesis and properties of biodegradable PBAT prepared from PBT chemically recycled resources. Polymer, 2024, 307 127326

[96]

Jiang B, Xiao C, Liu L. Progressive transcriptomic shifts in evolved yeast strains following gene knockout. iScience. 2024c;27(11).

[97]

Jun-Ho C, Tae-Kang K, Young-Mog K, Won-Chan K, Kunbawui P, In-Koo R. Cloning and characterization of a gene cluster for cyclohexanone oxidation in Rhodococcus sp. TK6. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2006, 16(4): 511-518

[98]

Kabeyi MJB, Olanrewaju OA. Review and design overview of plastic waste‐to‐pyrolysis oil conversion with implications on the energy transition. J Energy, 2023, 2023(11821129

[99]

Kaihara S, Matsumura S, Mikos AG, Fisher JP. Synthesis of poly (L-lactide) and polyglycolide by ring-opening polymerization. Nat Protoc, 2007, 211): 2767-2771

[100]

Kamimura N, Aoyama T, Yoshida R, Takahashi K, Kasai D, Abe Tet al.. Characterization of the protocatechuate 4, 5-cleavage pathway operon in Comamonas sp. strain E6 and discovery of a novel pathway gene. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2010, 76(24): 8093-8101

[101]

Kan G-F, Lyu H, Wang X-F, Li Y-X, Yu K, Zhang Het al.. Biodegradation of bioplastic polycaprolactone by marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. ghpt-2 and its adaptive responses. Mar Pollut Bull, 2025, 221 118494

[102]

Kang MJ, Kim HT, Lee M-W, Kim K-A, Khang TU, Song HMet al.. A chemo-microbial hybrid process for the production of 2-pyrone-4, 6-dicarboxylic acid as a promising bioplastic monomer from PET waste. Green Chem, 2020, 22(11): 3461-3469

[103]

Kang S, Kim H, Jeon BS, Choi O, Sang B-I. Chain elongation process for caproate production using lactate as electron donor in Megasphaera hexanoica. Bioresour Technol, 2022, 346 126660

[104]

Kanwal A, Zhang M, Sharaf F, Li C. Enzymatic degradation of poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate)(PBAT) copolymer using lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and effect of PBAT on plant growth. Polym Bull, 2022, 79(10): 9059-9073

[105]

Kanwal A, Zhang M, Sharaf F, Chengtao L. Screening and characterization of novel lipase producing Bacillus species from agricultural soil with high hydrolytic activity against PBAT poly (butylene adipate co terephthalate) co-polyesters. Polym Bull, 2022, 79(11): 10053-10076

[106]

Karapetyan L, Mikoyan G, Vassilian A, Valle A, Bolivar J, Trchounian Aet al.. Escherichia coli Dcu C4-dicarboxylate transporters dependent proton and potassium fluxes and FOF1-ATPase activity during glucose fermentation at pH 7.5. Bioelectrochemistry, 2021, 141 107867

[107]

Karlsson E, Mapelli V, Olsson L. Adipic acid tolerance screening for potential adipic acid production hosts. Microb Cell Fact, 2017, 16(1): 20

[108]

Kasuya K-I, Ishii N, Inoue Y, Yazawa K, Tagaya T, Yotsumoto Tet al.. Characterization of a mesophilic aliphatic–aromatic copolyester-degrading fungus. Polym Degrad Stab, 2009, 9481190-1196

[109]

Keith M, Koller M, Lackner M. Carbon recycling of high value bioplastics: a route to a zero-waste future. Polymers, 2024, 16(12 1621

[110]

Khan I, Nagarjuna R, Dutta JR, Ganesan R. Enzyme-embedded degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) using lipase-derived from probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. ACS Omega, 2019, 42): 2844-2852

[111]

Kijchavengkul T, Auras R, Rubino M, Selke S, Ngouajio M, Fernandez RT. Biodegradation and hydrolysis rate of aliphatic aromatic polyester. Polym Degrad Stab, 2010, 95(12): 2641-2647

[112]

Kim HT, Kim JK, Cha HG, Kang MJ, Lee HS, Khang TUet al.. Biological valorization of poly (ethylene terephthalate) monomers for upcycling waste PET. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2019, 7(24): 19396-19406

[113]

Kim HT, Hee Ryu M, Jung YJ, Lim S, Song HM, Park Jet al.. Chemo-biological upcycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) to multifunctional coating materials. Chemsuschem, 2021, 14(19): 4251-4259

[114]

Kim SH, Cho JY, Cho DH, Jung HJ, Kim BC, Bhatia SKet al.. Acceleration of polybutylene succinate biodegradation by Terribacillus sp. JY49 isolated from a marine environment. Polymers, 2022, 14(19 3978

[115]

Kim SH, Lee JW, Kim JS, Lee W, Park MS, Lim YW. Plastic-inhabiting fungi in marine environments and PCL degradation activity. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 2022, 11512): 1379-1392

[116]

Klauer RR, Hansen DA, Wu D, Monteiro LMO, Solomon KV, Blenner MA. Biological upcycling of plastics waste. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng. 2024;15.

[117]

Kobayashi Y, Ishigami A, Ito H. Relating amorphous structure to the tear strength of polylactic acid films. Polymers, 2022, 14(10 1965

[118]

Kocks C, Görtz J, Holtz A, Gausmann M, Jupke A. Electrochemical crystallization concept for succinic acid reduces waste salt production. Chem Ing Tech, 2020, 923): 221-228

[119]

Kowalski A, Duda A, Penczek S. Mechanism of cyclic ester polymerization initiated with Tin (II) Octoate. 2. Macromolecules fitted with Tin (II) alkoxide species observed directly in MALDI−TOF Spectra. Macromolecules, 2000, 33(3): 689-695

[120]

Krumov N, Atanasova N, Boyadzhieva I, Petrov K, Petrova P. Biodegradation of poly (ε-caprolactone): microorganisms, enzymes, and mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26(12 5826

[121]

Kruyer NS, Peralta-Yahya P. Metabolic engineering strategies to bio-adipic acid production. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2017, 45: 136-143

[122]

Kubowicz S, Booth AM. Biodegradability of plastics: challenges and misconceptions. ACS Publications; 2017.

[123]

Kumar P, Park H, Yuk Y, Kim H, Jang J, Pagolu Ret al.. Developed and emerging 1, 4-butanediol commercial production strategies: forecasting the current status and future possibility. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2024, 444): 530-546

[124]

Kumar V, Kumar P, Maity SK, Agrawal D, Narisetty V, Jacob Set al.. Recent advances in bio-based production of top platform chemical, succinic acid: an alternative to conventional chemistry. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2024, 17(1 72

[125]

Lang F, Fei F, Sun C, Wu S. Highly efficient degradation of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) by a recombinant marine fungal cutinase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2025, 919 e00833–25

[126]

Lavagnolo MC, Poli V, Zampini AM, Grossule V. Biodegradability of bioplastics in different aquatic environments: a systematic review. J Environ Sci, 2024, 142: 169-181

[127]

Lee CW, Kimura Y, Chung J-D. Mechanism of enzymatic degradation of poly (butylene succinate). Macromol Res, 2008, 167): 651-658

[128]

Lee S-Y, Ten LN, Das K, You Y-H, Jung H-Y. Biodegradative activities of fungal strains isolated from terrestrial environments in Korea. Mycobiology, 2021, 49(3): 285-293

[129]

Lee GH, Kim D-W, Jin YH, Kim SM, Lim ES, Cha MJet al.. Biotechnological plastic degradation and valorization using systems metabolic engineering. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(20): 15181

[130]

Lee J, Park C, Fai Tsang Y, Andrew Lin KY. Towards sustainable production of polybutylene adipate terephthalate: non‐biological catalytic syntheses of biomass‐derived constituents. Chemsuschem, 2024, 1723 e202401070

[131]

Lee H-S, Yang Y-H, Yeon YJ, Park HJ. Enzymatic synthesis of nylon precursors by 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and 6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng, 2024, 291211-218

[132]

Li C, Zhang C, Song G, Liu H, Sheng G, Ding Zet al.. Characterization of a protocatechuate catabolic gene cluster in Rhodococcus ruber OA1 involved in naphthalene degradation. Ann Microbiol, 2016, 66(1): 469-478

[133]

Li X, Zhang W, Wu M, Xin F, Dong W, Wu Het al.. Performance and mechanism analysis of succinate production under different transporters in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng, 2017, 22(5): 529-538

[134]

Li W-J, Narancic T, Kenny ST, Niehoff P-J, O’Connor K, Blank LMet al.. Unraveling 1, 4-butanediol metabolism in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Front Microbiol, 2020, 11 382

[135]

Li L, Lin X, Bao J, Xia H, Li F. Two extracellular poly (ε-caprolactone)-degrading enzymes from Pseudomonas hydrolytica sp. DSWY01T: purification, characterization, and gene analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10 835847

[136]

Li Y, Wang S, Qian S, Liu Z, Weng Y, Zhang Y. Depolymerization and re/upcycling of biodegradable PLA plastics. ACS Omega, 2024, 9(12): 13509-13521

[137]

Li Z, Waghmare PR, Dijkhuizen L, Meng X, Liu W. Research advances on the consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass. Eng Microbiol, 2024, 4(2 100139

[138]

Li Y, Zhao X-M, Chen S-Q, Zhang Z-Y, Fu Q-S, Chen S-Met al.. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste to vanillin. Sci Total Environ, 2024, 957 177544

[139]

Lin Y, Wang Y, Li P-f. Mutual regulation of lactate dehydrogenase and redox robustness. Front Physiol, 2022, 13 1038421

[140]

Lin W, Zhao Y, Su T, Wang Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) by Fusarium solani cutinase. Polym Degrad Stab, 2023, 211 110335

[141]

Lin F, Li W, Wang D, Hu G, Qin Z, Xia Xet al.. Advances in succinic acid production: the enhancement of CO2 fixation for the carbon sequestration benefits. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2024, 12: 1392414

[142]

Lin J, Sun K, Ma L, Li C, Tong H, Wang Z. Enzymatic degradation of polybutylene succinate by recombinant cutinase cloned from Paraphoma chrysanthemicola. J Environ Manag, 2025, 375 124288

[143]

Liu Y, Zhang Y-G, Zhang R-B, Zhang F, Zhu J. Glycerol/glucose co-fermentation: one more proficient process to produce propionic acid by Propionibacterium acidipropionici. Curr Microbiol, 2011, 621): 152-158

[144]

Liu M, Zhang T, Long L, Zhang R, Ding S. Efficient enzymatic degradation of poly (ɛ-caprolactone) by an engineered bifunctional lipase-cutinase. Polym Degrad Stab, 2019, 160: 120-125

[145]

Liu X, Zhao G, Sun S, Fan C, Feng X, Xiong P. Biosynthetic pathway and metabolic engineering of succinic acid. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10 843887

[146]

Liu Q, Gao J, Fan S, Li W, Li W, Liu Wet al.. Efficient and complete biodegradation of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) by a novel dual-member bacterial consortium from compost: metabolic division of labor between BDP053 and BDT04. J Hazard Mater, 2025

[147]

Liu J, Duan Y, Song T, Liu Q, Wang P, Hou Let al.. Evaluating the environmental impact of polylactic acid plastics in agriculture: microbial degradation and plant interaction insights. J Environ Manag, 2025, 387 125853

[148]

Logan H, Astrup T, Damgaard A. Additive inclusion in plastic life cycle assessments part I: review of mechanical recycling studies. J Ind Ecol, 2024, 28(6): 1582-1597

[149]

Lohmaneeratana K, Champreda V, Srikhirin T, Thamchaipenet A. Poly (l-lactic acid)-degrading activity from endophytic Micromonospora spp. and catalytic analysis using surface plasmon resonance. Agric Nat Resour, 2020, 54(6): 673-680

[150]

Lomwongsopon P, Varrone C. Contribution of fermentation technology to building blocks for renewable plastics. Fermentation, 2022, 8(2 47

[151]

Lopez G, Keiner D, Fasihi M, Koiranen T, Breyer C. From fossil to green chemicals: sustainable pathways and new carbon feedstocks for the global chemical industry. Energy Environ Sci, 2023, 167): 2879-2909

[152]

Lu J, Li X, Zhao J, Qu Y. Enzymatic saccharification and ethanol fermentation of reed pretreated with liquid hot water. Biomed Res Int, 2012, 2012(1276278

[153]

Maitlo G, Ali I, Maitlo HA, Ali S, Unar IN, Ahmad MBet al.. Plastic waste recycling, applications, and future prospects for a sustainable environment. Sustainability, 2022, 1418): 11637

[154]

Malikmammadov E, Tanir TE, Kiziltay A, Hasirci V, Hasirci N. PCL and PCL-based materials in biomedical applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2018, 297-9863-893

[155]

Mao H, Liu H, Gao Z, Su T, Wang Z. Biodegradation of poly (butylene succinate) by Fusarium sp. FS1301 and purification and characterization of poly (butylene succinate) depolymerase. Polym Degrad Stab, 2015, 114: 1-7

[156]

Masaki K, Kamini NR, Ikeda H, Iefuji H. Cutinase-like enzyme from the yeast Cryptococcus sp. strain S-2 hydrolyzes polylactic acid and other biodegradable plastics. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2005, 71(11): 7548-7550

[157]

Mishra DK, Truong CC, Jo Y, Suh Y-W. Recent catalytic advances in the production of adipic acid and its esters from bio-based C6 molecules and carbon dioxide. Green Chem Lett Rev, 2025, 18(1 2457497

[158]

Motloung MP, Mofokeng TG, Ray SS. Viscoelastic, thermal, and mechanical properties of melt-processed poly (ε-caprolactone)(PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composites. Materials, 2021, 151 104

[159]

Muroi F, Tachibana Y, Soulenthone P, Yamamoto K, Mizuno T, Sakurai Tet al.. Characterization of a poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) hydrolase from the aerobic mesophilic bacterium Bacillus pumilus. Polym Degrad Stab, 2017, 137: 11-22

[160]

Murphy CA, Cameron J, Huang SJ, Vinopal RT. Fusarium polycaprolactone depolymerase is cutinase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1996, 622): 456-460

[161]

Nair NR, Sekhar VC, Nampoothiri KM. Augmentation of a microbial consortium for enhanced polylactide (PLA) degradation. Indian J Microbiol, 2016, 56(1): 59-63

[162]

Nakamura K, Tomita T, Abe N, Kamio Y. Purification and characterization of an extracellular poly (l-lactic acid) depolymerase from a soil isolate, Amycolatopsis sp. strain K104-1. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2001, 67(1): 345-353

[163]

Nam T-W, Park Y-H, Jeong H-J, Ryu S, Seok Y-J. Glucose repression of the Escherichia coli sdhCDAB operon, revisited: regulation by the CRP cAMP complex. Nucleic Acids Res, 2005, 33(21): 6712-6722

[164]

Naser AZ, Deiab I, Darras BM. Poly (lactic acid)(PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review. RSC Adv, 2021, 11(28): 17151-17196

[165]

Nawaz A, Hasan F, Shah AA. Degradation of poly (ɛ-caprolactone)(PCL) by a newly isolated Brevundimonas sp. strain MRL-AN1 from soil. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2015, 362(1): 1-7

[166]

Nduko JM, Taguchi S. Microbial production of biodegradable lactate-based polymers and oligomeric building blocks from renewable and waste resources. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2021, 8 618077

[167]

Nelson TF, Baumgartner R, Jaggi M, Bernasconi SM, Battagliarin G, Sinkel Cet al.. Biodegradation of poly (butylene succinate) in soil laboratory incubations assessed by stable carbon isotope labelling. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1 5691

[168]

Nelson TF, Baumgartner R, Jaggi M, Bernasconi SM, Battagliarin G, Sinkel Cet al.. Biodegradation of synthetic aliphatic-aromatic polyesters in soils: linking chemical structure to biodegradability. Environ Sci Technol, 2025, 5937): 19966-19977

[169]

Ng K-S, Bambace MF, Schwab C. Microbially produced short-chain carboxylic acids are ancient food biopreservatives with complex mode of action. Curr Opin Food Sci, 2023, 52 101066

[170]

Nhu TT, Boone L, Guillard V, Chatellard L, Reis M, Matos Met al.. Environmental sustainability assessment of biodegradable bio-based poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from agro-residues: production and end-of-life scenarios. J Environ Manag, 2024, 356 120522

[171]

Ni P, Gao C, Wu J, Song W, Li X, Wei Wet al.. Production of 1, 4‐butanediol from succinic acid using Escherichia coli whole‐cell catalysis. ChemBioChem, 2024, 25(11 e202400142

[172]

Niu W, Guo J. Stereospecific microbial conversion of lactic acid into 1, 2-propanediol. ACS Synth Biol, 2015, 44): 378-382

[173]

Nojima S, Yamamoto S, Ashida T. Crystallization of block copolymers IV. Molecular weight dependence of the morphology formed in ε-caprolactone–butadiene diblock copolymers. Polym J, 1995, 27(7): 673-682

[174]

Noor H, Satti SM, udDin S, Farman M, Hasan F, Khan S, Shah AA. Insight on esterase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain S3 that depolymerize poly (lactic acid)(PLA) at ambient temperature. Polym Degrad Stab, 2020, 174 109096

[175]

O'Brien R. Metabolism of d-and l-lactate by Pseudomonas putida. Aust J Biol Sci, 1977, 30(6): 553-558

[176]

Oehlenschläger K, Schepp E, Stiefelmaier J, Holtmann D, Ulber R. Simultaneous fermentation and enzymatic biocatalysis: a useful process option?. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2024, 17(1 67

[177]

Oh Y-R, Jang Y-A, Song JK, Eom GT. Efficient enzymatic depolymerization of polycaprolactone into 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid by optimizing reaction conditions and microbial conversion of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid into adipic acid for eco-friendly upcycling of polycaprolactone. Biochem Eng J, 2022, 185 108504

[178]

Oh Y-R, Jang Y-A, Eom GT. Microbial production of adipic acid from 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid for biocatalytic upcycling of polycaprolactone. Enzyme Microb Technol, 2024, 181 110521

[179]

Ojo AO, de Smidt O. Lactic acid: a comprehensive review of production to purification. Processes, 2023, 113 688

[180]

Olofsson K, Bertilsson M, Lidén G. A short review on SSF–an interesting process option for ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2008, 11 7

[181]

Pan H, Yu T, Zheng Y, Ma H, Shan J, Yi Xet al.. Isolation, characteristics, and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) degradation mechanism of a marine bacteria Roseibium aggregatum ZY-1. Mar Pollut Bull, 2024, 201 116261

[182]

Park S-J, Gunsalus RP. Oxygen, iron, carbon, and superoxide control of the fumarase fumA and fumC genes of Escherichia coli: role of the arcA, fnr, and soxR gene products. J Bacteriol, 1995, 17721): 6255-6262

[183]

Park S-J, Cotter PA, Gunsalus RP. Regulation of malate dehydrogenase (mdh) gene expression in Escherichia coli in response to oxygen, carbon, and heme availability. J Bacteriol, 1995, 177(22): 6652-6656

[184]

Parke D, Garcia M, Ornston L. Cloning and genetic characterization of dca genes required for β-oxidation of straight-chain dicarboxylic acids in Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2001, 67(10): 4817-4827

[185]

Pavon C, Aldas M, Rosa-Ramírez H, López-Martínez J, Arrieta MP. Improvement of PBAT processability and mechanical performance by blending with pine resin derivatives for injection moulding rigid packaging with enhanced hydrophobicity. Polymers, 2020, 12(12): 2891

[186]

Pavoncello V, Barras F, Bouveret E. Degradation of exogenous fatty acids in Escherichia coli. Biomolecules, 2022, 128 1019

[187]

Penas MI, Criado-Gonzalez M, de Ilarduya AM, Flores A, Raquez J-M, Mincheva Ret al.. Tunable enzymatic biodegradation of poly (butylene succinate): biobased coatings and self-degradable films. Polym Degrad Stab, 2023, 211 110341

[188]

Peng F, Wang X, Sun Y, Dong G, Yang Y, Liu Xet al.. Efficient gene editing in Corynebacterium glutamicum using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Microb Cell Fact, 2017, 161 201

[189]

Perez-Pantoja D, la De Iglesia R, Pieper DH, González B. Metabolic reconstruction of aromatic compounds degradation from the genome of the amazing pollutant-degrading bacterium Cupriavidus necator JMP134. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2008, 325736-794

[190]

Perz V, Baumschlager A, Bleymaier K, Zitzenbacher S, Hromic A, Steinkellner Get al.. Hydrolysis of synthetic polyesters by Clostridium botulinum esterases. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2016, 113(5): 1024-1034

[191]

Perz V, Bleymaier K, Sinkel C, Kueper U, Bonnekessel M, Ribitsch Det al.. Substrate specificities of cutinases on aliphatic–aromatic polyesters and on their model substrates. N Biotechnol, 2016, 33(2): 295-304

[192]

Peti D, Dobránsky J, Michalík P. Recent advances in polymer recycling: a review of chemical and biological processes for sustainable solutions. Polymers, 2025, 17(5 603

[193]

Pham VD, Somasundaram S, Lee SH, Park SJ, Hong SH. Engineering the intracellular metabolism of Escherichia coli to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid by co-localization of GABA shunt enzymes. Biotechnol Lett, 2016, 382): 321-327

[194]

Pires JRA, Souza VGL, Fuciños P, Pastrana L, Fernando AL. Methodologies to assess the biodegradability of bio-based polymers: current knowledge and existing gaps. Polymers, 2022, 14(7 1359

[195]

Popa D. Global plastic waste outlook in MSW 2024. In: Roland Berger Insights. Roland Berger. 2024. https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Insights/Publications/Plastic-waste-(r)evolution-Dynamic-sector-with-growth-opportunities.html. Accessed 8 Aug 2025.

[196]

Prieto A. To be, or not to be biodegradable… that is the question for the bio‐based plastics. Microb Biotechnol, 2016, 95): 652-657

[197]

Puchałka J, Oberhardt MA, Godinho M, Bielecka A, Regenhardt D, Timmis KNet al.. Genome-scale reconstruction and analysis of the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 metabolic network facilitates applications in biotechnology. PLoS Comput Biol, 2008, 4(10 e1000210

[198]

Punyodom W, Limwanich W, Meepowpan P, Thapsukhon B. Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone initiated by tin (II) octoate/n-hexanol: DSC isoconversional kinetics analysis and polymer synthesis. Des Monomers Polym, 2021, 241): 89-97

[199]

Qian X, Xin K, Zhang L, Zhou J, Xu A, Dong Wet al.. Integration of ARTP mutation and adaptive laboratory evolution to reveal 1,4-butanediol degradation in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Microbiol Spectr, 2023, 11(3): e04988-e5022

[200]

Qin N, Zhu F, Liu Y, Liu D, Chen Z. De novo production of 1, 6-hexanediol and 1, 6-hexamethylenediamine from glucose by metabolic engineered Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol, 2025, 14(2): 598-608

[201]

Rafiqah SA, Khalina A, Harmaen AS, Tawakkal IA, Zaman K, Asim Met al.. A review on properties and application of bio-based poly (butylene succinate). Polymers, 2021, 13(9 1436

[202]

Rashidi L. Standards and guidelines for testing biodegradability of bioplastic. Biodegradable polymer-based food packaging: Springer; 2022. 297–325.

[203]

Rau MH, Calero P, Lennen RM, Long KS, Nielsen AT. Genome-wide Escherichia coli stress response and improved tolerance towards industrially relevant chemicals. Microb Cell Fact, 2016, 151 176

[204]

Reifsteck RA, Zhai S, Gausmann M, Ballerstedt H, Tiso T, Blank LMet al.. Techno-economic comparison of bio-cycling processes for mixed plastic waste valorization. Chem Ing Tech, 2023, 958): 1247-1258

[205]

Ritchie H. How much of global greenhouse gas emissions come from plastics? In: Our world in data. 2023. https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-plastics?utm_source. Accessed 8 Aug 2025.

[206]

Rizzarelli P, Impallomeni G, Montaudo G. Evidence for selective hydrolysis of aliphatic copolyesters induced by lipase catalysis. Biomacromol, 2004, 5(2): 433-444

[207]

Roncal T, Maestro B, Ortiz P. Depolymerization of polycaprolactone to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid by Candida antarctica lipase B in aqueous media and in toluene/water emulsions. J Polym Environ, 2025

[208]

Rosenboom J-G, Langer R, Traverso G. Bioplastics for a circular economy. Nat Rev Mater, 2022, 7(2): 117-137

[209]

Rud I, Solem C, Jensen PR, Axelsson L, Naterstad K. Co-factor engineering in lactobacilli: effects of uncoupled ATPase activity on metabolic fluxes in Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum and L. sakei. Metab Eng, 2008, 10(5): 207-215

[210]

Sadler JC, Wallace S. Microbial synthesis of vanillin from waste poly (ethylene terephthalate). Green Chem, 2021, 23(13): 4665-4672

[211]

Samak NA, Jia Y, Sharshar MM, Mu T, Yang M, Peh Set al.. Recent advances in biocatalysts engineering for polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste green recycling. Environ Int, 2020, 145 106144

[212]

Sanchez JG, Tsuchii A, Tokiwa Y. Degradation of polycaprolactone at 50 °C by a thermotolerant Aspergillus sp. Biotechnol Lett, 2000, 22(10): 849-853

[213]

Santos-Beneit F, Chen LM, Bordel S, Frutos de la Flor R, García-Depraect O, Lebrero R, Börner T. Screening enzymes that can depolymerize commercial biodegradable polymers: heterologous expression of Fusarium solani cutinase in Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 2023, 11(2): 328

[214]

Sasoh M, Masai E, Ishibashi S, Hara H, Kamimura N, Miyauchi Ket al.. Characterization of the terephthalate degradation genes of Comamonas sp. strain E6. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2006, 7231825-1832

[215]

Schubert C, Unden G. Regulation of aerobic succinate transporter dctA of E. coli by cAMP-CRP, DcuS-DcuR, and EIIAGlc: succinate as a carbon substrate and signaling molecule. Microb Physiol, 2024, 34(1): 108-120

[216]

Sekiguchi T, Sato T, Enoki M, Kanehiro H, Uematsu K, Kato C. Isolation and characterization of biodegradable plastic degrading bacteria from deep-sea environments. JAMSTEC Rep Res Dev, 2011, 11: 33-41

[217]

Shah AA, Kato S, Shintani N, Kamini NR, Nakajima-Kambe T. Microbial degradation of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014, 98(8): 3437-3447

[218]

Shalem A, Yehezkeli O, Fishman A. Enzymatic degradation of polylactic acid (PLA). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2024, 108(1 413

[219]

Shekhar N, Mondal A. Synthesis, properties, environmental degradation, processing, and applications of polylactic acid (PLA): an overview. Polym Bull, 2024, 8113): 11421-11457

[220]

Shi L, Zhu L. Recent advances and challenges in enzymatic depolymerization and recycling of PET wastes. ChemBioChem, 2024, 25(2 e202300578

[221]

Shi X, Aimi K, Ito H, Ando S, Kikutani T. Characterization on mixed-crystal structure of poly (butylene terephthalate/succinate/adipate) biodegradable copolymer fibers. Polymer, 2005, 463): 751-760

[222]

Shi K, Su T, Wang Z. Comparison of poly (butylene succinate) biodegradation by Fusarium solani cutinase and Candida Antarctica lipase. Polym Degrad Stab, 2019, 164: 55-60

[223]

Shi K, Jing J, Song L, Su T, Wang Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyester: degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) by Candida Antarctica lipase and Fusarium solani cutinase. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 144: 183-189

[224]

Shin JH, Andersen AJC, Achterberg P, Olsson L. Exploring functionality of the reverse β-oxidation pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of adipic acid. Microb Cell Fact, 2021, 20(1 155

[225]

Shin N, Kim SH, Oh J, Kim S, Lee Y, Shin Yet al.. Reproducible polybutylene succinate (PBS)-degrading artificial consortia by introducing the least type of PBS-degrading strains. Polymers, 2024, 165 651

[226]

Shirahama H, Ichimaru A, Tsutsumi C, Nakayama Y, Yasuda H. Characteristics of the biodegradability and physical properties of stereocomplexes between poly (l-lactide) and poly (d-lactide) copolymers. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem, 2005, 432): 438-454

[227]

Singh N, Walker TR. Plastic recycling: a panacea or environmental pollution problem. Npj Mater Sustain, 2024, 2(1 17

[228]

Söhling B, Gottschalk G. Purification and characterization of a coenzyme‐A‐dependent succinate‐semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Clostridium kluyveri. Eur J Biochem, 1993, 2121): 121-127

[229]

Sohn YJ, Kim HT, Jo SY, Song HM, Baritugo K-A, Pyo Jet al.. Recent advances in systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of biopolymers. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng, 2020, 25(6): 848-861

[230]

Song HM, Jo SY, Lee H, Jeon S, Yun D, Kim Cet al.. Recent advances on the systems metabolically engineered Pseudomonas species as versatile biosynthetic platforms for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Syst Microbiol Biomanuf, 2024, 4(2): 473-s99

[231]

Sourkouni G, Jeremić S, Kalogirou C, Höfft O, Nenadovic M, Jankovic Vet al.. Study of PLA pre-treatment, enzymatic and model-compost degradation, and valorization of degradation products to bacterial nanocellulose. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2023, 39(6): 161

[232]

Spinu M, Jackson C, Keating M, Gardner K. Material design in poly (lactic acid) systems: block copolymers, star homo-and copolymers, and stereocomplexes. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem, 1996, 33101497-1530

[233]

Stansen C, Uy D, Delaunay S, Eggeling L, Goergen J-L, Wendisch VF. Characterization of a Corynebacterium glutamicum lactate utilization operon induced during temperature-triggered glutamate production. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2005, 71(10): 5920-5928

[234]

Strik DP, Heusschen B. Microbial recycling of polylactic acid food packaging waste into carboxylates via hydrolysis and mixed-culture fermentation. Microorganisms, 2023, 11(8 2103

[235]

Sudarsan S, Dethlefsen S, Blank LM, Siemann-Herzberg M, Schmid A. The functional structure of central carbon metabolism in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2014, 8017): 5292-5303

[236]

Suzuki M, Tachibana Y, Oba K, Takizawa R, Kasuya K-i. Microbial degradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) in a coastal environment. Polym Degrad Stab, 2018, 149: 1-8

[237]

Taguchi S, Yamada M, Matsumoto KI, Tajima K, Satoh Y, Munekata M, Obata S. A microbial factory for lactate-based polyesters using a lactate-polymerizing enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2008, 105(45): 17323-17327

[238]

Terpe K, Kerkhoff K, Pluta E, Jendrossek D. Relationship between succinate transport and production of extracellular poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Pseudomonas lemoignei. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1999, 65(4): 1703-9

[239]

Teugjas H, Väljamäe P. Product inhibition of cellulases studied with 14C-labeled cellulose substrates. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2013, 6(1 104

[240]

Thirunavukarasu K, Purushothaman S, Sridevi J, Aarthy M, Gowthaman MK, Nakajima-Kambe Tet al.. Degradation of poly (butylene succinate) and poly (butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) by a lipase from yeast Cryptococcus sp. grown on agro-industrial residues. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 2016, 110: 99-107

[241]

Trotter CL, Babu GS, Wallace S. Engineering biology for sustainable 1, 4-butanediol synthesis. Trends Biotechnol, 2023, 413): 286-8

[242]

Tseng W-S, Lee M-J, Wu J-A, Kuo S-L, Chang S-L, Huang S-Jet al.. Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) biodegradation by Purpureocillium lilacinum strain BA1S. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2023, 107(19): 6057-6070

[243]

Tsuji H, Miyauchi S. Poly (l-lactide): vi effects of crystallinity on enzymatic hydrolysis of poly (l-lactide) without free amorphous region. Polym Degrad Stab, 2001, 71(3): 415-424

[244]

Tuttle AR, Trahan ND, Son MS. Growth and maintenance of Escherichia coli laboratory strains. Curr Protoc, 2021, 1(1 e20

[245]

Uchida H, Shigeno-Akutsu Y, Nomura N, Nakahara T, Nakajima-Kambe T. Cloning and sequence analysis of poly (tetramethylene succinate) depolymerase from Acidovorax delafieldii strain BS-3. J Biosci Bioeng, 2002, 932): 245-247

[246]

Unden G, Strecker A, Kleefeld A, Kim OB. C4-dicarboxylate utilization in aerobic and anaerobic growth. EcoSal Plus. 2016;7(1).

[247]

Valenzuela-Ortega M, Suitor JT, White MF, Hinchcliffe T, Wallace S. Microbial upcycling of waste PET to adipic acid. ACS Cent Sci, 2023, 9(11): 2057-2063

[248]

Valgepea K, Adamberg K, Nahku R, Lahtvee P-J, Arike L, Vilu R. Systems biology approach reveals that overflow metabolism of acetate in Escherichia coli is triggered by carbon catabolite repression of acetyl-CoA synthetase. BMC Syst Biol, 2010, 4(1 166

[249]

Valli M, Sauer M, Branduardi P, Borth N, Porro D, Mattanovich D. Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high intracellular pH. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2006, 728): 5492-9

[250]

Van der Wielen LA. Plastics: the fast facts 2024. In: PlasticsEurope knowledge hub. PlasticsEurope. 2024. https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/plastics-the-fast-facts-2024/. Accessed 8 Aug 2025.

[251]

Van Bemmelen F, Schouten M, Fekkes D, Bruinvels J. Succinic semialdehyde as a substrate for the formation of γ‐aminobutyric acid. J Neurochem, 1985, 45(5): 1471-4

[252]

Van Heerden CD, Nicol W. Continuous and batch cultures of Escherichia coli KJ134 for succinic acid fermentation: metabolic flux distributions and production characteristics. Microb Cell Fact, 2013, 12(1 80

[253]

Van Rossum T. Marine biodegradability review of plastics. Water Cycle, 2021, 2: 38-43

[254]

Wagner S, Baars L, Ytterberg AJ, Klussmeier A, Wagner CS, Nord Oet al.. Consequences of membrane protein overexpression in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2007, 69): 1527-1550

[255]

Wallace PW, Haernvall K, Ribitsch D, Zitzenbacher S, Schittmayer M, Steinkellner Get al.. PpEst is a novel PBAT degrading polyesterase identified by proteomic screening of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2017, 101(6): 2291-2303

[256]

Wang Z-J, Teng L-h, Zhang J, Huang X-L, Zhang J-F. Study on optimal biodegradation of terephthalic acid by an isolated Pseudomonas sp. Afr J Biotechnol, 2011, 10(16): 3143-3148

[257]

Wang Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Lyu S. A polylactic acid degrading lipase from Bacillus safensis: characterization and structural analysis. Int J Biol Macromol, 2024, 268 131916

[258]

Wang Y, Liu Q, Xie C-H, Zhao R-T, Tang Q-X, Han D-Fet al.. Bridging the knowledge gap: from poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalatebutylene) degradation to CO2-generating mineralization under the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi. J Hazard Mater, 2025

[259]

Warnecke T, Gill RT. Organic acid toxicity, tolerance, and production in Escherichia coli biorefining applications. Microb Cell Fact, 2005, 4(1 25

[260]

Weaver T, Banaszak L. Crystallographic studies of the catalytic and a second site in fumarase C from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry, 1996, 3544): 13955-65

[261]

Weiland F, Seo K, Janz F, Grad M, Geldmacher L, Kohlstedt M, et al. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for increased cis, cis-muconate production from plant-derived p-hydroxycinnamates via deregulated pathway flux and increased CoA intermediate availability. Metab. Eng. 2025.

[262]

Weimer PJ, Moen GN. Quantitative analysis of growth and volatile fatty acid production by the anaerobic ruminal bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii T81. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2013, 97(9): 4075-4081

[263]

Welsing G, Wolter B, Kleinert GE, Göttsch F, Besenmatter W, Xue Ret al.. Two-step biocatalytic conversion of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate into value-added products facilitated by genetic and bioprocess engineering. Bioresour Technol, 2025, 417 131837

[264]

Werner AZ, Clare R, Mand TD, Pardo I, Ramirez KJ, Haugen SJet al.. Tandem chemical deconstruction and biological upcycling of poly (ethylene terephthalate) to β-ketoadipic acid by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng, 2021, 67: 250-261

[265]

Werner F, Schwardmann LS, Siebert D, Rückert-Reed C, Kalinowski J, Wirth M-Tet al.. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for fatty alcohol production from glucose and wheat straw hydrolysate. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod, 2023, 16(1 116

[266]

Werner AZ, Avina Y-SC, Johnsen J, Bratti F, Alt HM, Mohamed ETet al.. Adaptive laboratory evolution and genetic engineering improved terephthalate utilization in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng, 2025, 88: 196-205

[267]

Wilbanks B, Trinh CT. Comprehensive characterization of toxicity of fermentative metabolites on microbial growth. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2017, 101 262

[268]

Witt U, Einig T, Yamamoto M, Kleeberg I, Deckwer W-D, Müller R-J. Biodegradation of aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters: evaluation of the final biodegradability and ecotoxicological impact of degradation intermediates. Chemosphere, 2001, 442): 289-299

[269]

Woźniak A, Kuligowski K, Świerczek L, Cenian A. Review of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment using physical, thermal and chemical methods for higher yields in bioethanol production. Sustainability, 2025, 17(1 287

[270]

Wu Y, Xiong W, Zhou H, Li H, Xu G, Zhao J. Biodegradation of poly (butylene succinate) film by compost microorganisms and water soluble product impact on mung beans germination. Polym Degrad Stab, 2016, 126: 22-30

[271]

Wu P, Li Z, Gao J, Zhao Y, Wang H, Qin Het al.. Characterization of a PBAT degradation carboxylesterase from Thermobacillus composti KWC4. Catalysts, 2023, 132): 340

[272]

Wu T, Jiang J, Zhang H, Liu J, Ruan H. Transcending membrane barriers: advances in membrane engineering to enhance the production capacity of microbial cell factories. Microb Cell Fact, 2024, 231 154

[273]

Xu J, Feng K, Li Y, Xie J, Wang Y, Zhang Zet al.. Enhanced biodegradation rate of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composites using reed fiber. Polymers, 2024, 163 411

[274]

Xu G, Hou L, Wu P. Sustainable plastics with high performance and convenient processibility. Adv Sci, 2024, 1135 2405301

[275]

Xueli M, Chengming T, Qian D, Yingmei L. Influencing factors and process on in situ degradation of poly (butylene succinate) film by strain Bionectria ochroleuca BFM-X1 in soil. J Environ Prot. 2012;2012.

[276]

Yagi H, Ninomiya F, Funabashi M, Kunioka M. Mesophilic anaerobic biodegradation test and analysis of eubacteria and archaea involved in anaerobic biodegradation of four specified biodegradable polyesters. Polym Degrad Stab, 2014, 110: 278-283

[277]

Yang Y, Min J, Xue T, Jiang P, Liu X, Peng Ret al.. Complete bio-degradation of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) via engineered cutinases. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 1645

[278]

Yao J, Liu Y, Gu Z, Zhang L, Guo Z. Deconstructing PET: advances in enzyme engineering for sustainable plastic degradation. Chem Eng J, 2024, 497 154183

[279]

Yim H, Haselbeck R, Niu W, Pujol-Baxley C, Burgard A, Boldt Jet al.. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for direct production of 1,4-butanediol. Nat Chem Biol, 2011, 77445-52

[280]

Yoon Y, Park H, An S, Ahn J-H, Kim B, Shin Jet al.. Bacterial degradation kinetics of poly (Ɛ-caprolactone)(PCL) film by Aquabacterium sp. CY2-9 isolated from plastic-contaminated landfill. J Environ Manag, 2023, 335 117493

[281]

You S-M, Lee SS, Ryu MH, Song HM, Kang MS, Jung YJet al.. β-Ketoadipic acid production from poly (ethylene terephthalate) waste via chemobiological upcycling. RSC Adv, 2023, 13(21): 14102-14109

[282]

Yu Q, Anuar A, Petzold A, Balko J, Saalwächter K, Thurn‐Albrecht T. The semicrystalline morphology of polybutylene succinate supports a general scheme based on intracrystalline dynamics. Macromol Chem Phys, 2023, 224(9 2200459

[283]

Zampolli J, Vezzini D, Brocca S, Di Gennaro P. Insights into the biodegradation of polycaprolactone through genomic analysis of two plastic-degrading Rhodococcus bacteria. Front Microbiol, 2024, 14 1284956

[284]

Zhang Y-M, Sun Y-Q, Wang Z-J, Zhang J. Degradation of terephthalic acid by a newly isolated strain of Arthrobacter sp. 0574. S Afr J Sci, 2013, 1097): 1-4

[285]

Zhang R, Du F, Jariyavidyanont K, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Androsch R. Glass transition temperature of poly (d, l-lactic acid) of different molar mass. Thermochim Acta, 2022, 718 179387

[286]

Zhang B, Guo P, Sun X, Shang Y, Luo Y, Wu H. Enhancement of lactate fraction in poly (lactate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesized by metabolically engineered E. coli. Bioresour Bioprocess, 2024, 11(1 88

[287]

Zhang X, Bian H, Meng X, Yuan J, Ding J, Li Wet al.. Synthesis of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) with branched monomer for biodegradable copolyesters with enhanced processability and rheological properties. ACS Omega, 2025, 1014): 14258-14270

[288]

Zobel S, Kuepper J, Ebert B, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Metabolic response of Pseudomonas putida to increased NADH regeneration rates. Eng Life Sci, 2017, 17(1): 47-57

[289]

Zumstein MT, Rechsteiner D, Roduner N, Perz V, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GMet al.. Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyester thin films at the nanoscale: effects of polyester structure and enzyme active-site accessibility. Environ Sci Technol, 2017, 51(13): 7476-7485

Funding

KEIT(20025698)

MSIT(RS-2024-00341995)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Jiangnan University

PDF

7

Accesses

0

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/