Diatoms nanofactories: synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology has revolutionized material synthesis by harnessing biological systems for the production of eco-friendly nanoparticles. This review examines the role of diatoms, a unique type of microalgae characterized by intricate biosilica-based frustules, as natural nanofactories for synthesizing nanostructured materials. The review provides an overview of green synthesis methods, emphasizing the advantages of biological routes, specifically microbial, plant-based, and algal systems, over conventional physical and chemical approaches. A dedicated focus on diatom-mediated nanoparticle synthesis highlights the role of frustules as nanostructured templates, the mechanisms of intracellular and extracellular synthesis, and the influence of factors such as pH, precursors, and light. Advances in genetically engineered and functionalized diatoms are discussed alongside recent innovations. The review further details their biomedical applications, encompassing antimicrobial and anticancer activities, drug delivery platforms, and biosensing/bioimaging. Finally, it addresses challenges in scalability, standardization, and future trends, including engineered frustules and hybrid nanomaterials, offering a comprehensive outlook on diatom-based nanotechnology for biomedical advancements.

Keywords

Biosilica / Diatoms / Frustules / Green synthesis / Nanofactories

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Funding

ASTIDF(CRD/2022/000595)

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Jiangnan University