Extremophiles and their enzymatic diversity and biotechnological potential

Abstract

Extremophiles and their enzymes are explored in this review article, which highlights the peculiar adaptations that these organisms have developed to survive in some of the harshest circumstances on Earth. Microorganisms known as extremophiles challenge our knowledge of habitable environments by living in settings that have extreme characteristics, such as high temperature, salinity, acidity, pressure, alkalinity, radiation, dryness, and many more. The diverse specialized enzymes that these hardy organisms have developed allow them to perform at their best in such harsh circumstances, providing priceless insights into the biochemical and structural adaptations required for survival in hostile environments. An overview of the diversity of extremophiles—which include bacteria, archaea, and even some eukaryotes that are suited to distinct extreme environments is given at the beginning of the article. Following that, it explores the intriguing realm of extremophilic enzymes, emphasizing how exceptionally robust and active they are in harsh environments. The article clarifies the mechanisms behind the remarkable functionality and robustness of extremophile enzymes by thoroughly examining their biochemical characteristics and structural aspects. The review article also examines the various biotechnological uses of extremophile enzymes, including industrial procedures, environmental cleanup, and drug manufacturing.