State-of-art engineering approaches for ameliorated production of microbial lipid

Abstract

In modern human civilization, the demand for lipids has become upswing for several purposes: nutritional supplements, the production of foods, surfactants, lubricants, and biofuels. With the gradual rise in population, shortage, and deterioration of arable land due to anthropogenic activities, traditional lipids production methods alone cannot conciliate future demand. Various microbial genera related to algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast can synthesize and accumulate lipids in their bodies. Currently, microbial lipids have emerged as a sustainable successor of plant-derived lipids. However, the commercial scale production of microbial lipids faces some problems such as inadequate level of lipid accumulation in the microbial cells, lipid extraction, and operational cost associated with microbial cultivation. Thus, there is an urgent need to construct oleaginous microbes with modified, preferable features. With the modern biotechnological tools, the insights of the complex microbial genetic makeup and metabolic pathways become explored, allowing various genetic engineering (GE) and metabolic engineering (ME) approaches to develop microbes of desired lipid production abilities with the required lipid profile and physiological qualities. The current review mainly deals with the basic lipid metabolic pathways run in the various groups of microbes, properties of lipids they synthesized, state-of-the-art GE and ME techniques useful for the lipid overproduction in oleaginous microbes, and explain challenging futuristic developmental directions.

Keywords

Lipids / Algae / Bacteria / Fungi / Yeast / Genetic and metabolic engineering

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