Distinguishing IGBT Open-Circuit Faults from DoS-Induced Anomalies in Smart Grids

Abstract

This paper investigates anomaly diagnosis for grid-tied three-phase inverters in cyber- physical smart grids, with an emphasis on distinguishing physical IGBT open-circuit physical faults from anomalies induced by denial-of-service (DoS) cyber-attacks. A super-twisting-based second-order interval sliding-mode observer is developed to estimate three-phase currents with bounded errors in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. Based on analytical residual relationships, fault localization is achieved using the residual sign pattern and magnitude ratios for single-switch and same-leg double-switch opencircuit faults. In contrast, DoS-induced anomalies primarily manifest as effective current attenuation without deterministic residual sign or ratio patterns, enabling fault-type discrimination. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves reliable anomaly diagnosis within one fundamental cycle, without requiring additional sensors or training data.

Keywords

Super-twisting algorithm / Second-order sliding-mode observer / Interval observer / IGBT opencircuit fault / Smart grid inverter / Denial-of-service cyber-attack

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.L. and Y.Z.; Methodology, J.L.; Software, J.L.; Validation, J.L. and Y.Z.; Formal Analysis, J.L.; Investigation, J.L.; Resources, Y.Z.; Data Curation, J.L.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, J.L.; Writing—Review & Editing, J.L. and Y.Z.; Visualization, J.L.; Supervision, Y.Z.; Project Administration, Y.Z.; Funding Acquisition, Y.Z.

Ethics Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

This work is partially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

[1] Panteli M, Mancarella P. The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter? Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 2015, 13, 58-66. DOI:10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334

[2] Ding L, Han Q-L, Sindi E and Wang L. Distributed cooperative optimal control of DC microgrids with communication delays. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2018, 14, 3924-3935. DOI:10.1109/TII.2018.2799239

[3] Bisello A, Vettorato D, Ludlow D, Baranzelli C. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions: Results of SSPCR 2019; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2021.

[4] Gharaibeh A, Salahuddin MA, Hussini SJ, et al. Smart cities: A survey on data management, security, and enabling technologies. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2017, 19, 2456-2501. DOI:10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886

[5] Choi C, Seo E, Lee W. Detection method for open-switch fault in automotive PMSM drives using inverter output voltage estimation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 9-12 October 2012; pp. 128-132. DOI:10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422626

[6] An QT, Sun L, Sun LZ. Hardware-circuit-based diagnosis method for open-switch faults in inverters. Electron. Lett. 2013, 49, 1089-1091. DOI:10.1049/el.2013.0641

[7] Shu C, Chen Y-T, Yu T-J, Wu X. A novel diagnostic technique for open-circuited faults of inverters based on output lineto-line voltage model. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2016, 63, 4412-4421.DOI:10.1109/TIE.2016.2535960

[8] Beg OA, Nguyen LV, Johnson TT, Davoudi A. Signal temporal logic-based attack detection in DC microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2018, 10, 3585-3595. DOI:10.1109/TSG.2018.2832544

[9] Kumar D, Zare F. A comprehensive review of maritime microgrids: System architectures, energy efficiency, power quality, and regulations. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 67249-67277. DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917082

[10] Freire NMA, Estima JO, Cardoso AJM. A voltage-based approach without extra hardware for open-circuit fault diagnosis in closed-loop PWM AC regenerative drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2014, 61, 4960-4970. DOI:10.1109/TIE.2013.2279383

[11] Peuget R, Courtine S, Rognon J-P. Fault detection and isolation on a PWM inverter by knowledge-based model. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1998, 34, 1318-1326. DOI:10.1109/28.739017

[12] Espinoza-Trejo DR, Campos-Delgado DU, Bárcenas E, Martínez-López FJ. Robust fault diagnosis scheme for open-circuit faults in voltage source inverters feeding induction motors using nonlinear PI observers. IET Power Electron. 2012, 5, 1204-1216. DOI:10.1049/iet-pel.2011.0309

[13] Espinoza-Trejo DR, Campos-Delgado DU, Bossio G, Bárcenas E, Hernández-Díez JE, Lugo-Cordero LF. Fault diagnosis scheme for open-circuit faults in field-oriented control induction motor drives. IET Power Electron. 2013, 6, 869-877. DOI:10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0256

[14] Jlassi I, Estima JO, El Khil SK, Bellaaj NM, Cardoso AJM. A robust observer-based method for IGBTs and current sensors fault diagnosis in voltage-source inverters of PMSM drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2017, 53, 2894-2905. DOI:10.1109/TIA.2016.2616398

[15] Velasquez RMA, Mejia Lara JV. Expert system for power transformer diagnosis. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON), Cusco, Peru, 15-18 August 2017; pp. 1-4.

[16] Zidani F, Diallo D, Benbouzid MEH, Naït-Saïd R. A fuzzy-based approach for the diagnosis of fault modes in a voltagefed PWM inverter induction motor drive. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2008, 55, 586-593. DOI:10.1109/TIE.2007.911951

[17] Khan AA, Beg OA, Alamaniotis M, Ahmed S. Intelligent anomaly identification in cyber-physical inverter-based systems. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2021, 193, 107024. DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107024

[18] Yu X, Kaynak O. Sliding mode control made smarter: A computational intelligence perspective. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag. 2017, 3, 31-34. DOI:10.1109/MSMC.2017.2663559

[19] Feng Y, Zhou M, Han Q-L, Han F, Cao Z, Ding S. Integral-type sliding-mode control for a class of mechatronic systems with gain adaptation. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2019, 16, 5357-5368. DOI:10.1109/TII.2019.2954550

[20] Choi U-M, Lee J-S, Blaabjerg F, Lee K-B. Open-circuit fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control for a grid-connected NPC inverter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 7234-7247. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2510224