Environmental impacts of transportation in rapidly urbanizing South and Southeast Asian Cities

Abstract

Urban transportation systems significantly contribute to environmental degradation in rapidly urbanizing cities of South and Southeast Asia. This study evaluates the environmental effects of transportation modes in Dhaka, Karachi, Bhopal, and Jakarta utilizing critical indicators: CO₂ emissions (kg/passenger-km), PM₂.₅ concentrations (µg/m³), and noise pollution (dB). Data were aggregated from standardized environmental sources, and Pearson correlation analysis using R software was employed to examine interdependencies among measures. The results indicate that motorbikes and private vehicles impose the greatest environmental loads, emitting up to 0.25 kg CO₂ per passenger-km and 172.2 µg/m³ of PM₂.₅, together generating noise levels of 90 dB, whilst MRT systems and bicycles demonstrate negligible consequences. Significant associations (r > 0.75) were identified between PM₂.₅ and noise levels, signifying cumulative environmental stress. The research promotes a shift towards sustainable transportation methods, including mass rapid transit (MRT) and non-motorized options. The Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) framework is advised to direct policy initiatives. These findings offer evidence-based guidance for communities seeking to reduce the environmental impact of urban transportation and improve long-term sustainability.

Keywords

Environmental impact / MRT / Carbon emission / Urban sustainability / Transportation policies

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