Running safety assessment method of trains under seismic conditions based on the derailment risk domain

Abstract

The accurate assessment of running safety during earthquakes is of significant importance for ensuring the safety of railway lines. Currently, assessment methods based on a single index suffer from issues such as misjudgment of operational safety and difficulty in evaluating operational margin, making them unsuitable for assessing train safety during earthquakes. Therefore, in order to propose an effective evaluation method for the running safety of trains during earthquakes, this study employs three indexes, namely lateral displacement of the wheel–rail contact point, wheel unloading rate, and wheel lift, to describe the lateral and vertical contact states between the wheel and rail. The corresponding evolution characteristics of the wheel–rail contact states are determined, and the derailment forms under different frequency components of seismic motion are identified through dynamic numerical simulations of the train–track coupled system under sine excitation. The variations in the wheel–rail contact states during the transition from a safe state to the critical state of derailment are analyzed, thereby constructing the evolutionary path of train derailment and seismic derailment risk domain. Lastly, the wheel–rail contact and derailment states under seismic conditions are analyzed, thus verifying the effectiveness of the evaluation method for assessing running safety under earthquakes proposed in this study. The results indicate that the assessment method based on the derailment risk domain accurately and comprehensively reflects the wheel–rail contact states under seismic conditions. It successfully determines the forms of train derailment, the risk levels of derailment, and the evolutionary paths of derailment risk.

References

[1.] ChenY, JiangL, LaiZ, et al. . A novel evaluation of train running safety on the HSR bridges under earthquakes based on the observed track deformation rate. Eng Struct, 2023, 275

[2.] CaoL, YangC, ZhangJ. Derailment behaviors of the train-ballasted track-subgrade system subjected to earthquake using shaking table. KSCE J Civ Eng, 2020, 24(10): 2949-2960

[3.] LiY, XiangH, WangZ, et al. . A comprehensive review on coupling vibrations of train–bridge systems under external excitations. Railw Eng Sci, 2022, 30(3): 383-401

[4.] Nadal MJ (1896) Theorie de la stabilite des locomotives. Part II: movement de lacet. Ann Mines 10(1):232–255

[5.] BarbosaRS. A 3D contact force safety criterion for flange climb derailment of a railway wheel. Veh Sys Dyn, 2004, 42(5): 289-300

[6.] KuniedaM. Theoretical study on the mechanics of overturn of railway rolling stock. RTRI Railw Tech Res Rep, 1972, 793: 177-186(in Japanese)

[7.] MatsuiN. Derailment tests of freight cars on the Karikachi experimental line. J Jpn Soc Mech Eng, 1968, 71: 984-990

[8.] IkemoriM. Actual derailment test on the Karikachi test track. Quart Rep RTRI, 1973, 14(4): 7

[9.] XiaH, HanY, ZhangN, et al. . Dynamic analysis of train–bridge system subjected to non–uniform seismic excitations. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 2006, 35(12): 1563-1579

[10.] HuD, ChenK, LiC, et al. . Research on driving impact on high-speed railway simply supported beam bridges under near-field earthquakes. Railw Stand Des, 2021, 65(03): 99-105(in Chinese)

[11.] LaiZ, JiangL, ZhouW, et al. . Lateral girder displacement effect on the safety and comfortability of the high-speed rail train operation. Veh Syst Dyn, 2022, 60(9): 3215-3239

[12.] MontenegroPA, CalcadaR, PoucaNV, et al. . Running safety assessment of trains moving over bridges subjected to moderate earthquakes. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 2016, 45(3): 483-504

[13.] OlmosJM, AstizMÁ. Response of a high-speed train travelling over a long and high-pier viaduct during moderate earthquakes. B Earthq Eng, 2023, 21: 2369-2407

[14.] Liu W, Lei H, Huang J et al (2018) Running safety analysis of long-span railway cable-stayed bridge under seismic excitations. In: 3rd International Conference on Smart City and Systems Engineering (ICSCSE). Xiamen, pp 92–98

[15.] ChenL, KurtulusA, DongY, et al. . Velocity pulse effects of near-fault earthquakes on a high-speed railway vehicle–ballastless track–benchmark bridge system. Veh Syst Dyn, 2021, 60(9): 2963-2987

[16.] HeJ, LiQ, WangJ. Beam end displacement limits for high-speed railway bridges traffic safety evaluation during earthquake. J Railw Sci Eng, 2023, 20(05): 1543-1554(in Chinese)

[17.] LiuX, JiangL, XiangP, et al. . Dynamic response limit of high-speed railway bridge under earthquake considering running safety performance of train. J Cent South Univ, 2021, 28(3): 968-980

[18.] LiuX, JiangL, XiangP, et al. . Study on running safety indexes for high speed railway simply-supported bridge under earthquake. Chin Civil Eng J, 2022, 55(7): 66-76(in Chinese)

[19.] JuS. Improvement of bridge structures to increase the safety of moving trains during earthquakes. Eng Struct, 2013, 56: 501-508

[20.] LeiH, HuangB, LiuW. Evaluation method for running safety of train on a high-speed railway bridge based on geometric indexes. J Vib Shock, 2020, 39(17): 57-63(in Chinese)

[21.] ZengQ, DimitrakopoulosEG. Vehicle–bridge interaction analysis modeling derailment during earthquakes. Nonlinear Dyn, 2018, 93(4): 2315-2337

[22.] JinZ, LiuW, PeiS, et al. . Probabilistic assessment of vehicle derailment based on optimal ground motion intensity measure. Veh Syst Dyn, 2021, 59(11): 1781-1802

[23.] ZhaoH, WeiB, JiangL, et al. . Seismic running safety assessment for stochastic vibration of train–bridge coupled system. Arch Civ Mech Eng, 2022, 22: 180

[24.] TanabeM, MatsumotoN, WakuiH, et al. . A simple and efficient numerical method for dynamic interaction analysis of a high-speed train and railway structure during an earthquake. J Comput Nonlin Dyn, 2008, 3(4)

[25.] TanabeM, GotoK, WatanabeT, et al. . A simple and efficient numerical model for dynamic interaction of high speed train and railway structure including derailment during an earthquake. Proc Eng, 2017, 199: 2729-2734

[26.] SogabeM, IkedaM, YanagisawaY. Train-running quality during earthquakes and its improvement for railway long span bridges. Quart Rep RTRI, 2009, 48(3): 183-189

[27.] LiH, ZhangH, YuX. Stochastic vibration analysis of earthquake early warning threshold for high speed railway. J Vibra Eng, 2019, 32(5): 874-885(in Chinese)

[28.] LiH, ZhangH, YuZ, et al. . Experimental study on the dynamic responses of a vehicle–track system under earthquake. J Vibshock, 2020, 39(02): 132-140(in Chinese)

[29.] NishimuraK, TerumichiY, MorimuraT, et al. . Analytical study on the safety of high speed railway vehicle by track excitations on earthquakes. Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng Part C, 2009, 75(753): 1312-1318

[30.] NishimuraK, TerumichiY, MorimuraT, et al. . Using full scale experiments to verify a simulation used to analyze the safety of rail vehicles during large earthquakes. J Comput Nonlin Dyn, 2015, 10(3)

[31.] NakajimaD, SuzukiM, NishiyamaY, et al. . Development of the lateral displacement crushable stopper, a part of bogie for countermeasures against derailment in case of earthquake and influence of repeated loading during usual run on moving load. Mech Eng J, 2017, 4(1): 16-00454

[32.] LingL, XiaoX, JinX. Study on derailment mechanism and safety operation area of high-speed trains under earthquake. J Comput Nonlin Dyn, 2012, 7(4)

[33.] ZengQ, DimitrakopoulosEG. Derailment mechanism of trains running over bridges during strong earthquakes. Proc Eng, 2017, 199: 2633-2638

[34.] JinZ, LiuW, PeiS. Probabilistic evaluation of railway vehicle’s safety on bridges under random earthquake and track irregularity excitations. Eng Struct, 2022, 266

[35.] JinZ, LiuW. Fragility analysis for vehicle derailment on railway bridges under earthquakes. Railw Eng Sci, 2022, 30(4): 494-511

[36.] TangZ, HuY, WangS, et al. . Train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods: a review. Railw Eng Sci, 2023, 32(1): 59-80

[37.] MontenegroPA, CarvalhoH, RibeiroD, et al. . Assessment of train running safety on bridges: a literature review. Eng Struct, 2021, 241

[38.] ZhangN, XiaH, De RoeckG. Dynamic analysis of a train-bridge system under multi-support seismic excitations. J Mech Sci Technol, 2010, 24(11): 2181-2188

[39.] AntolínP, ZhangN, GoicoleaJM, et al. . Consideration of nonlinear wheel-rail contact forces for dynamic vehicle-bridge interaction in high-speed railways. J Sound Vib, 2013, 332(5): 1231-1251

[40.] WuX, ChiM, GaoH, et al. . Post-derailment dynamic behavior of railway vehicles travelling on a railway bridge during an earthquake. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part F J Rail Rapid Transit, 2014, 230(2): 418-439

[41.] WangW, LiG. Development of high-speed railway vehicle derailment simulation—Part I: a new wheel/rail contact method using the vehicle/rail coupled model. Eng Fail Anal, 2012, 24: 77-92

[42.] NishimuraK, TerumichiY, MorimuraT, et al. . Development of vehicle dynamics simulation for safety analyses of rail vehicles on excited tracks. J Comput Nonlin Dyn, 2009, 4(1)

[43.] KangX, LiuXB, LiHY, et al. . PSD of ballastless track irregularities of high-speed railway. Sci Sin Tech, 2014, 44(7): 687-696

[44.] ZhaiW, XiaH. Train–track–bridge dynamic interaction: theory and engineering application, 2011BeijingScience Press(in Chinese)

[45.] LiuH, YuZ, GuoW, et al. . A novel method to search for the wheel–rail contact point. Int J Struct Stab Dy, 2019, 19(11): 1950142

[46.] ShenZ, HendrickJK, ElkinsJA. A comparison of alternative creep force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis. Veh Syst Dyn, 1983, 12(1–3): 591-605

[47.] XiaoX, LingL, JinX. A study of the derailment mechanism of a high speed train due to an earthquake. Veh Sys Dyn, 2012, 50(3): 449-470

[48.] JinX, XiaoX, LingL, et al. . Study on safety boundary for high-speed train running in severe environments. Int J Rail Transp, 2013, 1(1–2): 87-108

[49.] YangC, ZhaiW. Direct method for evaluation of wheel derailment in simulation of railway vehicle dynamics. J Traffic Transp Eng, 2002, 2(3): 23-26

[50.] Locomotive and Rolling Stock Research Institute of China Academy of Railway Sciences Group (2019) Specification for dynamic performance assessment and testing verification of rolling stock, GB/T 5599–2019

[51.] XiaoX, JinX, WenZ, et al. . Effect of tangent track buckle on vehicle derailment. Multibody Syst Dyn, 2010, 25(1): 1-41

[52.] NishimuraK, TerumichiY, MorimuraT, et al. . Development of vehicle dynamics simulation for safety analyses of rail vehicles on excited tracks. J Comput Nonlinear Dyn, 2007, 4(1)

Funding

National Key R&D Program “Transportation Infrastructure” “Reveal the list and take command” project(2022YFB2603301); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52078498); Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(2022JJ30745); Frontier cross research project of Central South University(2023QYJC006); Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Promotion Talent Project (2020TJ-Q19); Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China railway group limited(2021-Special-04-2)