Current status and research progress of oncolytic virus

Abstract

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are natural or genetically recombinant viruses that selectively infect and kill tumor cells without affecting normal cell growth. As a novel type of immunotherapy, OVs have been shown to activate antitumor immune responses, regulate the tumor microenvironment, and enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review article, we discuss the latest research on the characteristics, antitumor mechanisms, and status of OV research. In terms of mechanism of action, after targeting tumor cells, OVs not only directly lyse tumor cells but also exert antitumor effects through indirect approaches. As an emerging cancer treatment, OVs face challenges that need to be overcome. Finally, we summarize the challenges and prospects for the future application of OVs.

Keywords

Oncolytic virus / Malignant tumor / Immunotherapy / Genetic modification / Tumor microenvironment / Systemic administration

Author contributions

Yingyu Chen and Mengyuan Tao drafted the manuscript. Yinger Huang and Wenbo Hao obtained funding and designed, conceived, and supervised the study. Xuwei Wu, Zheng Tang, Yinfu Zhu, and Kunxiang Gong searched for and reviewed previous studies. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 were original created by Xuwei Wu and Fig. 4 was created by Mengyuan Tao. All elements involved in the figures were designed using Adobe Illustrator 2020 and Procreate. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Funding information

This work was supported by the China Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Project for College Students (S202212121159), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M731574), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82304781 and 31672536).

Data availability

Not applicable.

Declaration of competing interest

All authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the present work and have no involvement that might raise the question of bias in the work reported or in the conclusions, implications, or opinions stated.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscia.2024.100037.

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