Galloping Vibration Monitoring of Overhead Transmission Lines by Chirped FBG Array

Abstract

A distributed online fiber sensing system based on the phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (Φ-OTDR) enhanced by the drawing tower fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array is presented and investigated experimentally for monitoring the galloping of overhead transmission lines. The chirped FBG array enhanced Φ-OTDR sensing system can be used to measure the galloping behavior of the overhead transmission lines (optical phase conductor or optical power ground wire), which are helpful for monitoring the frequency response characteristics of the ice-induced galloping, evaluating the motion tendencies of these cables, and avoiding the risk of flashover during galloping. The feasibility of the proposed online monitoring system is demonstrated through a series of experiments at the Special Optical Fiber Cable Laboratory of State Grid Corporation of China (Beijing, China). Results show that the proposed system is effective and reliable for the monitoring of galloping shape and characteristic frequency, which can predict the trend of destructive vibration behavior and avoid the occurrence of cable breaking and tower toppling accidents, and these features are essential for the safety operation in smart grids.

Keywords

Distributed vibration sensing / FBG array / galloping monitoring / overhead transmission lines

References

[1] J. Jones, M. Ostendorf, and G. Gela, “Fiber optic cables in overhead transmission corridors: a state-of-the-art review,” J.A. Jones Power Delivery, Inc., Haslet, TX, Tech. Rep. TR-108959, Nov. 1997.

[2] J. Wang, “Overhead transmission line vibration and galloping,” in 2008 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application, Chongqing, China, December, 2008, pp. 120–123.

[3] Tian L, Zhang X, Fu X. Fragility analysis of a long-span transmission tower-line system under wind loads. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2020, 23(10): 2110-2120.

[4] Wang S, Jiang X, Sun C. Study status of conductor galloping on transmission line. High Voltage Engineering, 2005, 31(10): 11-14.

[5] Xie K, Zhang C, Li Q, Wu W L, Ni Y Q. Tracking galloping profile of transmission lines using wireless inertial measurement units. Journal of Computer and Communications, 2015, 3(05): 57179.

[6] K. J. Zhu, B. Liu, H. J. Niu, and J. H. Li, “Statistical analysis and research on galloping characteristics and damage for iced conductors of transmission lines in China,” in 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology, Zhejiang, China, 2010, pp. 1–5.

[7] Fu X, Li H N, Li G, Dong Z Q, Zhao M. Failure analysis of a transmission line considering the joint probability distribution of wind speed and rain intensity. Engineering Structures, 2021, 233, 111913.

[8] Lopez-Higuera J M, Cobo L R, Incera A Q, Cobo A. Fiber optic sensors in structural health monitoring. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2011, 29(4): 587-608.

[9] Q. Huang, C. Zhang, Q. Liu, Y. Ning, and Y. Cao, “New type of fiber optic sensor network for smart grid interface of transmission system,” in IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis, USA, 2010, pp. 1–5.

[10] Bjerkan L. Application of fiber-optic Bragg grating sensors in monitoring environmental loads of overhead power transmission lines. Applied Optics, 2000, 39(4): 554-560.

[11] Luo J, Hao Y, Ye Q, Hao Y, Li L. Development of optical fiber sensors based on Brillouin scattering and FBG for on-line monitoring in overhead transmission lines. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2013, 31(10): 1559-1565.

[12] Z. Xue, Q. Huang, C. Zhang, Y. Cao, and R. Zhang, “Icing monitoring system based on Fiber Bragg Grating sensor for overhead transmission lines,” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2013, pp. 1,” 4.

[13] Chai Q, Luo Y, Ren J, Zhang J, Yang J, Yuan L, . Review on fiber-optic sensing in health monitoring of power grids. Optical Engineering, 2019, 58(7): 072007.

[14] Li Z, Tong Y, Fu X, Wang J, Guo Q, Yu H, . Simultaneous distributed static and dynamic sensing based on ultra-short fiber Bragg gratings. Optics Express, 2018, 26(13): 17437-17446.

[15] Zhou C, Pang Y, Qian L, Chen X, Xu Q, Zhao C, . Demodulation of a hydroacoustic sensor array of fiber interferometers based on ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating reflectors using a self-referencing signal. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 37(11): 2568-2576.

[16] Jiang J, Xiong J, Wang Z, Wang Z, Qiu Z, Liu C, . Quasi-distributed fiber-optic acoustic sensing with MIMO technology. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 8(20): 15284-15291.

[17] Wu M, Fan X, Liu Q, He Z. Highly sensitive quasi-distributed fiber-optic acoustic sensing system by interrogating a weak reflector array. Optics Letters, 2018, 43(15): 3594-3597.

[18] Liu T, Li H, He T, Fan C, Yan Z, Liu D, . Ultra-high resolution strain sensor network assisted with an LS-SVM based hysteresis model. Opto-Electronic Advances, 2021, 4(5): 200037-1-200037-11.

[19] Jousset P, Reinsch T, Ryberg T, Blanck H, Clarke A, Aghayev R, . Dynamic strain determination using fibre-optic cables allows imaging of seismological and structural features. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1-11.

[20] Ajo-Franklin J B, Dou S, Lindsey N J, Monga I, Tracy C, Robertson M, . Distributed acoustic sensing using dark fiber for near-surface characterization and broadband seismic event detection. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1): 1-14.

[21] Liang G H, Niu P P, Jiang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Xia J, . Heterogeneous- frequency-dual-pulse chain and weak FBG array for quasi-distributed acoustic sensing with improved response bandwidth. Applied Optics, 2021, 60(25): 7740-7744.

[22] Li C, Tang J, Cheng C, Cai L, Guo H, Yang M. Simultaneously distributed temperature and dynamic strain sensing based on a hybrid ultra-weak fiber grating array. Optics Express, 2020, 28(23): 34309-34319.

[23] Jiang J P, Gan W B, Hu Y, Li S, Deng J, Yue L N, . Real-time monitoring method for unauthorized working activities above the subway tunnel based on ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating vibration sensing array. Measurement, 2021, 182, 109744.

[24] Wang Z, Zhang L, Wang S, Xue N, Peng F, Fan M, . Coherent Φ-OTDR based on I/Q demodulation and homodyne detection. Optics Express, 2016, 24(2): 853-858.

[25] Y. Muanenda, “Recent advances in distributed acoustic sensing based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry,” Journal of Sensors, 2018, (23): 1–16.

[26] Rao Y, Wang Z, Wu H, Ran Z, Han B. Recent advances in phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). Photonic Sensors, 2021, 11(1): 1-30.

[27] Wang C, Shang Y, Liu X H, Wang C, Yu H H, Jiang D S, . Distributed OTDR-interferometric sensing network with identical ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings. Optics Express, 2015, 23(22): 29038-29046.

[28] Irvine H M, Caughey T K. The linear theory of free vibrations of a suspended cable. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1974, 341(1626): 299-315.

[29] Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wires. Chinese Standard DL/T 832-2016.

[30] Gao J. Weak signal detection, 2004, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 100-128.