Sensitivity enhancement of nonlinear waveguide sensors with conducting graphene layer: TE mode

Abstract

We propose a three-layer waveguide sensor. The proposed sensor consists of a graphene thin layer with constant conductivity at the interface between air and dielectric media with thickness d sitting above a nonlinear layer. The sensitivity of the sensor is derived from the dispersion equation. The sensitivity is calculated for both TE₀ and TE₁. Results show that the sensitivity of the proposed sensor depends on the conductivity of the graphene layer, the angular frequency, and the thickness of the dielectric layer.

Keywords

Graphene / nonlinear Kerr like materials / optical sensor / waveguide sensor

References

[1] Potyrailo R. A., Hobbs S. E., Hieftje G. M.. Near-ultraviolet evanescent-wave absorption sensor based on a multimode optical fiber. Analytical Chemistry, 1998, 70(8): 1639-1645.

[2] Xu L., Fanuy J. C., SSoni K., Tao S. Q.. Optical fiber humidity sensor based on evanescent-wave scattering. Optics Letters, 2004, 29(11): 1191-1193.

[3] Remley K. A., Weisshaar A.. Design and analysis of a silicon-based antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide chemical sensors. Optics Letters, 1996, 21(16): 1241-1243.

[4] Tiefenthaler K., Lukoz W.. Sensitivity of grating couples as integrated optical chemical sensors. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 1989, 6(2): 209-220.

[5] Qing D. K., Yamaguchi I.. Analysis of the sensitivity of optical waveguide chemical sensor for TM^modes by the group-index method. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 1999, 16(9): 1359-1369.

[6] Lukosz W.. Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors. Sensors & Actuators B: Chemical, 1995, 29(1): 37-50.

[7] Kunz R. E.. Miniature integrated optical modules for chemical and biochemical sensing. Sensors & Actuators B: Chemical, 1997, 38(1–3): 13-28.

[8] El-Khozondar H. J., El-Khozondar R. J., Zouhdi S.. Tunable MTMs consists of a single-walled nanotube thin film waveguide covered by nonlinear cladding. Applied Physics A, 2015, 119(2): 451-453.

[9] El-Khozondar H. J., Müller M., El -Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M., Koch A. W.. Sensitivity of double-negative metamaterial optical sensor. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology, 2012, 11(2): 29-35.

[10] El-Khozondar R. J., El -Khozondar H. J., Shabat M. M.. Surface wave propagation in ferroelectric/MTMS interface. Integrated Ferroelectrics, 2011, 130(1): 50-57.

[11] El-Khozondar H. J., El -Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M.. Temperature dependence of optical nonlinear waveguide sensor on thermal stress effect. Islamic University Journal for Natural Science and Engineering, 2008, 16(2): 29-40.

[12] El-Khozondar H. J., El-Khozondar R. J.. Temperature sensitivity enhancement of nonlinear optical channel waveguide sensors using thermal-stress effect. Islamic University Journal for Natural Science and Engineering, 2008, 16(2): 15-27.

[13] El-Khozondar H. J., El -Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M.. Double-negative metamaterial optical waveguide behavior subjected to stress. Islamic University Journal for Natural Science and Engineering, 2008, 16(1): 9-20.

[14] El-Khozondar H. J., El -Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M., Koch A. W.. Stress effect on optical nonlinear waveguide sensor. Journal of Optical Communications, 2007, 28(3): 175-179.

[15] El-Khozondar R. J., El -Khozondar H. J., Shabat M. M.. Enhancing sensor sensitivity using graphene-MTM^interface. American Journal of Nano Research and Applications, 2017, 4(5): 43-46.

[16] El-Khozondar H. J., El -Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M.. Metamaterial-dielectric photonics crystal waveguide structure. Optics, 2015, 4(1–2): 1-4.

[17] Novoselov K. S., Jiang D., Schedin F., Booth T. J., Khotkevich V. V., Morozov S. V., . Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 2005, 102(30): 10451-10453.

[18] Chen L., Ma Z. S., Zhang C.. Vertical absorption edge and temperature dependent resistivity in semihydrogenated graphene. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 96(2): 023107-1.

[19] Lee C. G., Wei X. D., Kysar J. W., Hone J.. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science, 2008, 312(5887): 385-388.

[20] Wright A. R., Xu X. G., Cao J. C., Zhang C.. Strong nonlinear optical response of graphene in the terahertz regime. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 95(7): 072101.

[21] Schedin F., Geim A. K., Morozov S. V., Hill E. W., Blake P., Katsnelson M. I., . Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nature Materials, 2007, 6(9): 652-655.

[22] Bludov Y. V., Smirnova D. A., Kivshar Y. S., Peres N. M. R., Vasilevskiy M. I.. Nonlinear TE-polarized surface polaritons on graphene. Physical Review B, 2014, 89, 035406.

[23] El-Khozondar H. J., El-Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M.. Dispersion characteristics of graphene surface plasmon four layers waveguide. IUG^Journal of Natural Studies (IUGNES) Special Issue, 2017, 25(2): 263-266.

[24] El-Khozondar H. J., El -Khozondar R. J., Shabat M. M.. Dispersion characteristics and sensitivity properties of graphene surface plasmon sensor. Sensor Letters, 2017, 15(3): 249-252.

[25] El-Khozondar R. J., El-Khozondar H. J., Shabat M. M.. Enhancing sensor sensitivity using graphene-MTM^interface. American Journal of Nano Research and Applications, 2016, 4(5): 43-46.

[26] Wu Y. X., Dai X. Y., Xiang Y. J., Fan D. Y.. Nonlinear TE-polarized SPPs on a graphene cladded parallel plate waveguide. Journal of Applied Physics, 2017, 121(10): 103103.

[27] Wu Y., Jiang L., Xu H., Dai X., Xiang Y., Fan D.. Hybrid nonlinear surface-phonon-plasmonpolaritons at the interface of nonlinear medium and graphene-covered hexagonal boron nitride crystal. Optics Express, 2016, 24(3): 2109-2124.