Photonic crystal based biosensor for the detection of glucose concentration in urine

Abstract

Photonic sensing technology is a new and accurate measurement technology for bio-sensing applications. In this paper, a two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator based sensor is proposed and designed to detect the glucose concentration in urine over the range of 0 gm/dl-15 gm/dl. The proposed sensor is consisted of two inverted “L” waveguides and a ring resonator. If the glucose concentration in urine is varied, the refractive index of the urine is varied, which in turn the output response of sensor will be varied. By having the aforementioned principle, the glucose concentration in urine, glucose concentration in blood, albumin, urea, and bilirubin concentration in urine are predicted. The size of the proposed sensor is about 11.4 µm×11.4 µm, and the sensor can predict the result very accurately without any delay, hence, this attempt could be implemented for medical applications.

Keywords

Biosensor / photonic crystal / refractive index / urine / glucose / urea

References

[1] Clark L. C., Lyons C.. Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1962, 102(1): 29-45.

[2] S. I. Ahmad, “Studies on some biophysical aspects of human renal excretory fluid,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Physics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India, 2010.

[3] Sharma P., Roy S. K., Sharan P.. Design and simulation of photonic crystal based biosensor for detection of different blood components. Proceeding of IEEE Region 10 Symposium, Kulala Lumpur, 2014 171-176.

[4] Sharma P., Deshmukh P., Sharan P.. Design and analysis of blood components by using optical sensor. International Journal on Current Research, 2013, 5(8): 2225-2228.

[5] SharmaP Sharan P.. Photonic crystal based sensor for detection of high glucose concentration in urine. Proceeding of Annual IEEE India Conference, 2015 184-191.

[6] World Health Organization, Fact Sheet N312, Available online: http://www.who.int.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/, 2014.

[7] Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Available online: http://www.Ahrq.gov, 2012.

[8] Blood Glucose Monitoring-Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_glucose_monitori ng, 2014.

[9] Fluorescent Glucose Biosensor the Free Encyclopedia, Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_glucose_monitoring, 2015.

[10] Diabetes Care-Blood Glucose Test Strips, Available online: http://www.diabetes_cara/diabetes-teststrips. html, 2014.

[11] Yablonovitch E.. Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics. Physical Review Letters, 1987, 58(20): 2059-2062.

[12] Lee M. R., Fauchet P. M.. Two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal based biosensor platform for protein detection. Optics Express, 2007, 15(8): 4530-4535.

[13] J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic crystal: modeling of flow of light. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

[14] Robinson S., Nakkeeran R.. Investigation on two dimensional photonic crystal resonant cavity based band pass filter. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electrons Optics, 2012, 123(5): 451-457.

[15] Li L., Liu G. Q.. Photonic crystal ring resonator channel drop filter. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electrons Optics, 2013, 124(17): 2966-2968.

[16] Luff B. J., Harris R. D., Wilkinson J. S., Wilson R., Schiffrin D. J.. Integrated-optical directional couplerbiosensor. Optics Letters, 1996, 21(8): 618-620.

[17] Saranya T., Robinson S., Shanthi K. V.. Design and simulation of two dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator based four port wavelength demultiplexer. International Journal of Innovative, Science, Engineering and Technology, 2013, 1(2): 154-161.

[18] Rakhshani M. R., Mansouri-Birjandi M. A.. Wavelength demultiplexer using heterostructure ring resonators in triangular photonic crystal. Telkomnika Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2013, 11(4): 1721-1724.

[19] Rakhshani M. R., Mansouri-Birjandi M. A.. Design and optimization of photonic crystal triplexer for optical networks. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 2012, 9(4): 24-28.

[20] Labbani A., Abdelmadjid B.. Design of photonic crystal triplexer with core-shell rod defects. Chinese Physics Letters, 2015, 32(5): 63-65.

[21] Chen J. H., Huang Y. T., Yang Y. L., Lu M. F.. Design, fabrication and characterization of Si-based ARROW photonic crystal bend waveguides and power splitters. Journal of Applied Optics, 2012, 51(24): 5876-5884.

[22] Khan M. M.. Nano structure based power splitter design by using 2D photonic crystals. Journal of Modern Science and Technology, 2013, 1(1): 176-187.

[23] Bchir R., Bardaoui A., Ezzaouia H.. Design of silicon-based two-dimensional photonic integrated circuits: XOR gate. Journal of IET Optoelectronics, 2013, 7(1): 25-29.

[24] Fasihi K.. High-contrast all-optical controllable switching and routing in nonlinear photonic crystals. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2014, 32(18): 3126-3131.

[25] Cui K., Zhao Q., Feng X., Huang Y., Li Y., Wang D., . Thermo-optic switch based on transmission-dip shifting in a double-slot photonic crystal waveguide. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 100(20): 1-4.

[26] Brosi J. M., Koos C., Andreani L. C., Waldow M., Leuthold J., Freude W.. High-speed low-voltage electro-optic modulator with a polymer-infiltrated silicon photonic crystal waveguide. Optics Express, 2008, 16(6): 4177-4191.

[27] Gao Y., Shiue R. J., Gan X., Li L., Cheng P., Meric I., . High-speed electro-optic modulator integrated with graphene-boron nitride heterostructure and photonic crystal nanocavity. Nano Letters, 2015, 15(3): 2001-2005.

[28] Robinson S., Nakkeeran R.. Photonic crystal ring resonator based add-drop filter for CWDM systems. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electrons Optics, 2013, 124(3): 3430-3435.

[29] Alipour-Banaei H., Mehdizadeh F., Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban M.. A new proposal for PCRR-based channel drop filter using elliptical rings. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2014, 56(2): 211-215.

[30] Sharma P.. Photonic crystal based ring resonator sensor for detection of glucose concentration for biomedical application. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2014, 4(3): 702-706.

[31] Olyaee S., Bahabady A. M.. Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2014, 53(6): 1881-1888.

[32] Robinson S., Nakkeeran R.. PC based optical salinity sensor for different temperatures. Photonic Sensors, 2012, 2(2): 187-192.

[33] Hsiao F. L., Lee C.. Computational study of photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biomedical sensing. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2010, 10(7): 1185-1191.

[34] Silva R. M., Ferreira M. S., Santos J. L., Frazao O.. Nanostrain measurement using chirped Bragg grating Fabry-Perot interferometer. Photonic Sensors, 2012, 2(1): 77-80.

[35] Mai T. T., Hsiao F. L., Lee C., Xiang W. F., Chen C. C., Choi W. K.. Optimization and comparison of photonic crystal resonators for silicon microcantilever sensors. Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 2011, 165(1): 16-25.

[36] Vijayashanthi K., Robinson S.. Two-dimensional photonic crystal based sensor for pressure sensing. Photonic Sensors, 2014, 4(3): 248-253.

[37] Sharma P., Sharan P.. Design of photonic crystal based biosensor for detection of glucose concentration in urine. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2015, 15(2): 1035-1042.

[38] Sharma P., Sharan P.. An analysis and design of photonic crystal based biochip for detection of glycosuria. IEEE Sensor Journal, 2015, 15(10): 5569-5575.

[39] Abdalmalek F.. Design of a novel left-handed photonic crystal sensor operating in aqueous environment. IEEE Photonic Sensors, 2011, 23(3): 188-190.

[40] Gudagunti F. D., Sharma P., Talabattula S., Nainitej V.. Early stage detection of breast cancer using hybrid photonic crystal ring resonator. Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies, 2014 1-4.

[41] Sharan P., Bharadwaj S. M., Gudagunti F. D., Deshmukh P.. Design and modeling of photonic sensor for cancer cell detection. International Conference on the Impact of E-Technology on US, 2014, 40(14): 20-25.

[42] Meade R. D., Rappe A. M., Brommer K. D., Joannopoulos J. D.. Existence of a photonic band gap in two dimensional. Applied Physics Letters, 1992, 61(4): 495-497.

[43] Joannopoulos J. D., Villeneuve P. R., Fan S.. Photonic crystals: putting a new twist on light. Nature, 1997, 386(6621): 143-149.