Research at the University of Kent and subsequent research activities

Abstract

The author’s research activities undertaken at the Applied Optics Group, the University of Kent at Canterbury are reviewed, during his time there from 1988–1992 and 1994–1996, followed by a summary of recent research. The areas of interest are high finesse ring resonators, tunable optical filters, novel optical fiber grating sensors in glass and polymer, femtosecond laser inscription and micromachining, environmental pollution monitoring, hydrogen activated Pd films on silicon and impurity measurement on silicon wafers.

Keywords

Ring resonators / fiber gratings / tunable optical filters / femtosecond laser / pollution monitoring / thin films / silicon

References

[1] Kalli K.. Investigation of linear and non-linear optical phenomena using high finesse ring resonators, 1992, UK: the University of Kent

[2] Kalli K., Culverhouse D., Jackson D. A.. Fiber frequency shifter based upon stimulated Brillouin scattering generation in high finesse ring resonators. Opt. Lett., 1991, 16(19): 1538-1540.

[3] Culverhouse D., Kalli K., Jackson D. A.. Stimulated Brillouin scattering ring resonator laser for SBS gain studies and microwave generation. Elec. Lett., 1991, 2722, 2033-2035.

[4] Kalli K., Jackson D. A.. Investigation and applications of all-fiber Brillouin ring resonator lasers. Fiber & Int. Opt., 1995, 14(4): 303-330.

[5] Kalli K., Jackson D. A.. Ring resonator optical spectrum analyzer with 20 kHz resolution. Opt. Lett., 1992, 17(15): 1090-1092.

[6] K. Kalli, M. Berwick, and D. A. Jackson, “Recent developments of fiber optic components for LDV signals” in Laser Techniques and Applications in Fluid Mechanics: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal, July 20–23, pp. 25–43, 1992.

[7] Kalli K., Jackson D. A.. Tunable fiber frequency shifter that uses an all-fiber ring resonator. Opt. Lett., 1992, 17(17): 1243-1245.

[8] Kalli K., Jackson D. A.. Analysis of the dynamic response of a ring resonator to a time varying input signal. Opt. Lett., 1993, 18(6): 465-467.

[9] Kalli K., Jackson D. A.. Dynamic response of high resolution ring resonator optical spectrometers to time varying input signals. Fiber & Int. Opt., 1995, 14(3): 211-223.

[10] F. Farahi, K. Kalli, and D. A. Jackson, “An all-fiber ring resonator gyroscope using low coherence length source” presented at Optical Fiber Sensors Conference, OFS-6’ 89, Paris, Sept., 1989.

[11] Othonos A., Kalli K.. Fiber Bragg gratings: fundamentals and applications in telecommunications and sensing., 1999, London: Artech House Inc.

[12] Othonos A., Kalli K., Pureur D., Mugnier A.. Venghaus H.. Fiber Bragg gratings. Wavelength Filters for Fiber Optics, 2006, Heidelberg: Springer

[13] Othonos A., Kalli K.. Nalwa H. S.. Bragg gratings in optical fibers. Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices, 2000, San Diego: Academic Press

[14] Brady G. P., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Zhang L., Bennion I., Jackson D. A.. Extended range, coherence tuned dual wavelength interferometry using a superfluorescent fiber source and chirped fiber Bragg gratings. Opt. Comm., 1997, 134(1–6): 341-348.

[15] Brady G. P., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Reekie L., Archambault J. L., Jackson D. A.. Simultaneous interrogation of interferometric and Bragg grating sensors. Opt. Lett., 1995, 20(11): 1340-1342.

[16] Kalli K., Brady G. P., Webb D. J., Zhang L., Bennion I., Jackson D. A.. Wavelength division and spatial multiplexing using tandem interferometers for Bragg grating sensor networks. Opt. Lett., 1995, 20(24): 2544-2546.

[17] Rao Y. J., Kalli K., Brady G. P., Webb D. J., Zhang L., Bennion I., Jackson D. A.. Spatially-multiplexed fiber-optic Bragg grating strain and temperature sensor system based on interferometric wavelength-shift detection. Elec. Lett., 1995, 31(12): 1009-1010.

[18] Brady G. P., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Reekie L., Archambault J. L., Jackson D. A.. Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using the first- and second-order diffraction wavelengths of Bragg gratings. IEE Proc. in Optoelec., 1997, 144(3): 156-161.

[19] K. Kalli and D. A. Jackson, “A feasibility study into the use of Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy for pollution monitoring of volatile organic compounds in ground water” Submitted to Dr. Charles Shelton, Environmental Research Dept. Shell Research Ltd., 1996.

[20] D. Sun, K. Kalli, R. May, and R. Claus, “Optical fiber devices, sensors and systems”, Final report submitted to Henry Whitesel, Code 2753, David Taylor Research Center, February, 1993.

[21] Kuzniz T., Halot D., Mignani A. G., Ciaccheri L., Kalli K., Tur M., Othonos A., Christofides C., Jackson D. A.. Instrumentation for the monitoring of toxic pollutants in water resources by means of neural network analysis of absorption and fluorescence spectra. Sens. & Act. B, 2007, 121(3): 231-237.

[22] Kalli K., Othonos A., Christofides C.. Hydrogen gas detection via photothermal deflection measurements. Rev. Sci. Inst., 1997, 68(9): 3544-3552.

[23] Kalli K., Othonos A., Christofides C., Spetz A., Lundstrőm I.. Photomodulated thermoreflectance detection of hydrogen gas using optically thin palladium film on silicon oxide. Rev. Sci. Inst., 1998, 69(3): 1505-1511.

[24] Christofides C., Othonos A., Kalli K.. Non destructive photothermal radiometric measurements of defects and metallic contaminating impurities on silicon wafers. Crystalline Defects and Contamination III, Electrochemical Society Proc., 2001, 2001–29, 153-165.

[25] Kalli K., Othonos A., Christofides C., Tardif F.. Non-destructive evaluation of metal contaminated silicon wafers using radiometric measurements. J. Appl.Phys., 1999, 86(6): 3064-3067.

[26] Kalli K., Othonos A., Christofides C.. Characterization of reflectivity inversion, α and β phase transitions and nanostructure formation in hydrogen activated thin Pd films on silicon based substrates. J. Appl. Phys., 2002, 91(6): 3829-3840.

[27] Christofides C., Kalli K., Othonos A.. Optical response of thin supported palladium films to hydrogen: non-destructive testing for hydrogen detection. Plat. Metals Rev., 1999, 43(4): 155-157.

[28] Kalli K., Othonos A., Christofides C., Spetz A., Lundstrőm I.. Temperature-induced reflectivity changes and activation of hydrogen sensitive optically thin palladium metal films on silicon oxide. Rev. Sci. Inst., 1998, 69(9): 3331-3338.

[29] Othonos A., Kalli K., Tsai D. P.. Optically thin palladium films on silicon based substrates and nanostructure formation: effects of hydrogen. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2000, 161(1–2): 54-56.

[30] Simpson A. G., Kalli K., Zhou K., Zhang L., Bennion I.. Formation of type IA fiber Bragg gratings in germanosilicate optical fiber. Electron. Lett., 2004, 40(3): 127-133.

[31] A. G. Simpson, K. Kalli, K. Zhou, L. Zhang, and I. Bennion, “An idealised method for the fabrication of temperature invariant IA-I strain sensors” presented at Optical Fibre Sensors Conference OFS16, Nara, Japan, 2003.

[32] Simpson A. G., Kalli K., Zhou K., Zhang L., Bennion I.. Blank beam fabrication of regenerated type IA gratings. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2004, 15(8): 1665-1669.

[33] Kalli K., Simpson G., Zhou K., Zhang L., Bennion I.. Tailoring the temperature and strain coefficients of type I and type IA dual grating sensors — the impact of hydrogenation conditions. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2006, 17(5): 949-954.

[34] A. Faustov, P. Saffari, C. Koutsides, A. Gusarov, M. Wuilpart, P. Mégret, K. Kalli, and L. Zhang, “Highly radiation sensitive type IA FBGs for dosimetry applications” presented at European Conference on Radiation Effects on Component and Systems, Sevilla, Spain, September 19–23, 2011.

[35] Kalli K., Simpson G., Zhou K., Zhang L., Birkin D., Ellingham T., Bennion I.. Spectral modification of type IA fiber Bragg gratings by high power near infra-red lasers. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2006, 17(5): 968-974.

[36] Smith G. N., Kalli K., Sugden K.. Pal B.. Advances in femtosecond micromachining and inscription of micro and nano photonic devices. Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics, 2010, Croatia: InTech, 674.

[37] Smith G. N., Kalli K., Bennion I., Sugden K.. Demonstration of inscription and ablation of phase masks for the production of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order FBG gratings using a femtosecond laser. SPIE, Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano Optics and Photonics II, 2009, 7205, 720511.

[38] Geernaert T., Kalli K., Koutsides C., Komodromos M., Nasilowski T., Urbanczyk W., Wojcik J., Berghmans F., Thienpont H.. Point-by-point fiber Bragg grating inscription in free-standing step-index and photonic crystal fibers using near-IR femtosecond laser. Opt. Lett., 2010, 35(10): 1647-1649.

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[41] K. Kalli, T. Allsop, C. Koutsides, E. Davies, D. Webb, and L. Zhang, “Femtosecond laser inscription of fiber Bragg gratings with low insertion loss and minor polarization dependence” presented at Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides (BGPP), Karlsruhe, Gernamy, 2010 (paper: BMA3).

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[45] Rao H., Scarmozzino R., Osgood R. M.. A bidirectional beam propagation method for multiple dielectric interfaces. IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., 1999, 11(7): 830-832.

[46] Koutsides C., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Zhang L.. Characterizing femtosecond laser inscribed Bragg grating spectra. Opt. Exp., 2011, 19(1): 342-352.

[47] Allsop T., Kalli K., Zhou K., Lai Y., Smith G., Dubov M., Webb D. J., Bennion I.. Long period gratings written into a photonic crystal fiber by a femtosecond laser as directional bend sensors. Opt. Comm., 2008, 281(20): 5092-5096.

[48] Dobb H., Kalli K., Webb D. J.. Measured sensitivity of long period gratings in photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Comm., 2006, 260(1): 184-191.

[49] Dobb H., Kalli K., Webb D. J.. Temperature insensitive long period grating sensors in photonic crystal fiber. Elec. Lett., 2004, 40(11): 657-658.

[50] Petrovic J. S., Webb D. J., Mezentsev V., Dobb H., Kalli K., Bennion I.. Nondestructive index profiling of long period gratings in photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Quant. Elec., 2006, 38(9–11): 913-920.

[51] Petrovic J. S., Mezentsev V., Dobb H., Webb D. J., Kalli K., Bennion I.. Multiple period resonances in long period gratings in photonic crystal fibers. Opt. Quant. Elec., 2006, 38(1–3): 209-216.

[52] Petrovic J. S., Dobb H., Mezentsev V., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Bennion I.. Sensitivity of LPGs in PCFs fabricated by an electric arc to temperature, strain, and external refractive index. IEEE J. Lightwave Tech., 2007, 25(5): 1306-1312.

[53] Xin W., Shuying C., Zhigang D., Xiaoyang W., Changhai S., Jianping C.. Experimental study of some key issues on fiber-optic interferometric sensors detecting weak magnetic field. IEEE Sens. J., 2008, 8(7): 1173-1179.

[54] Sun L., Jiang S., Marciante J. R.. All-fiber optical magnetic-field sensor based on Faraday rotation in highly terbium-doped fiber. Opt. Exp., 2010, 18(6): 5407-5412.

[55] Dinev P. D.. A two-dimensional remote fiber-optic magnetic field and current sensor. Meas. Sci. Tech., 1996, 7(9): 1233-1237.

[56] Smith G. N., Allsop T., Kalli K., Koutsides C., Neal R., Sugden K., Culverhouse P., Bennion I.. Characterisation and performance of a terfenol-D coated femtosecond laser inscribed optical fiber Bragg sensor with a laser ablated microslot for the detection of static magnetic fields. Opt. Exp., 2011, 19(1): 363-370.

[57] Kalli K., Dobb H. L., Webb D. J., Carroll K., Komodromos M., Themistos C., Peng G. D., Fang Q., Boyd I. W.. Electrically tunable Bragg gratings in single mode polymer optical fiber. Opt. Lett., 2007, 32(3): 214-216.

[58] Kalli K., Dobb H. L., Webb D. J., Themistos C., Komodromos M., Peng G. D., Fang Q., Boyd I. W.. Development of electrically tunable Bragg grating filter operating at 1.55 μm in single mode polymer optical fiber. Meas. Sci. Tech., 2007, 18(10): 3155-3164.

[59] Dobb H., Webb D. J., Kalli K., Argyros A., Large M. C. J., Eijkelenborg M. A. v.. Continuous wave ultraviolet light-induced fiber Bragg gratings in few- and single-mode microstructured polymer optical fibers. Opt. Lett., 2005, 30(24): 3296-3298.

[60] Carroll K. E., Zhang C., Webb D. J., Kalli K., Argyros A., Large M. C. J.. Thermal response of Bragg gratings in PMMA microstructured optical fibers. Opt. Exp., 2007, 15(14): 8844-8850.

[61] Johnson I. P., Kalli K., Webb D. J.. 827 nm Bragg grating sensor in multimode microstructured polymer optical fiber. Elec. Lett., 2010, 46(17): 1217-1218.

[62] Johnson I. P., Yuan W., Stefani A., Nielsen K., Rasmussen H. K., Khan L., Webb D. J., Kalli K., Bang O.. Optical fiber Bragg grating recorded in TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer. Elec. Lett., 2011, 47(4): 271-272.

[63] Chen X., Zhang C., Webb D. J., Kalli K., Peng G. D.. Highly sensitive bend sensor based on Bragg grating in eccentric core polymer fiber. IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., 2010, 22(11): 850-852.

[64] X. Chen, C. Zhang, D. J. Webb, G. D. Peng, and K. Kalli, “Bragg grating in polymer optical fiber for strain, bend and temperature sensing” Meas. Sci. Tech., vol. 21 no. 9, 2010.

[65] T. D. P. Allsop, R. Neal, E. Davies, C. Mou, P. Bond, S. Rehman, K. Kalli, D. J. Webb, P. Calverhouse, and I. Bennion, “Low refractive index gas sensing using a surface plasmon resonance fiber device” Meas. Sci. Tech., vol. 21, no. 9, 2010.

[66] Allsop T., Neal R., Mou C., Brown P., Saied S., Rehman S., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Sullivan J., Mapps D., Bennion I.. Exploitation of multilayer coatings for infrared surface plasmon resonance fiber sensors. Appl. Opt., 2009, 48(2): 276-286.

[67] Allsop T., Neal R., Mou C., Brown P., Rehman S., Kalli K., Webb D. J., Mapps D., Bennion I.. Multilayered coated infra-red surface plasmon resonance fiber sensors for aqueous chemical sensing. Opt. Fib. Tech., 2009, 15(5–6): 477-482.