RNA modifications in health and disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic applications

Abstract

RNA modifications encompass a series of dynamic chemical changes and editing events on RNA molecules, playing a pivotal role in essential physiological processes such as embryonic development, immune response, and the maintenance of cell homeostasis. By influencing RNA stability, splicing, translation, and intermolecular interactions, RNA modifications serve as crucial mechanisms regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Dysregulation of the modification machineries or aberrant modification patterns is closely associated with the onset and progression of various diseases, including tumors, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological and immune conditions, making them potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of major RNA modifications, emphasize their functions in health and disease, and discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic value in pathological contexts.

Keywords

RNA modification / methylation / m⁶A / pseudouridine / ac⁴C / RNA editing

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (grant No. 2022NSFSC0761), Chengdu Medical College Research Foundation (grant No. KYPY22-02), Chengdu Medical College Excellent-talent Program (grant No. 2024qnGzn09), and Chengdu Medical College Graduate Research Innovation Fund (grant No. YCX2025-01-68). Figures in this article were created with BioGDP (https://www.biogdp.com).

Author contributions

Yiting Chen (Data curation, Resources, Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing), Dulin Ding (Data curation, Resources, Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing), Xing Tang (Data curation, Resources, Software, Writing - original draft), Rui Ma (Resources, Writing - review & editing), and Jian-Kang Zhou (Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing).

Conflict of interest

None declared.

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