COVID-19: from immune response to clinical intervention

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has highlighted the pivotal role of the immune response in determining the progression and severity of viral infections. In this paper, we review the most recent studies on the complicated dynamics between SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune system, highlight the importance of understanding these dynamics in developing effective treatments and formulate potent management strategies for COVID-19. We describe the activation of the host's innate immunity and the subsequent adaptive immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the review emphasizes the immune evasion strategies of the SARS-CoV-2, including inhibition of interferon production and induction of cytokine storms, along with the resulting clinical outcomes. Finally, we assess the efficacy of current treatment strategies, including antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and anti-inflammatory treatments, and discuss their role in providing immunity and preventing severe disease.

Keywords

COVID-19 / immune response / clinical intervention strategies

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by The Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau SAR (Grant Nos. 0058/2020/A, 0018/2023/AMJ).

Author contributions

Conceptualization, Writing-Review & Editing, Funding Acquisition, T.L.; Writing-Original, Draft Preparation, Visualization, Data Curation, Z.-Y.G., Y.-Q.T. and Z.-B.Z.; Writing-Review & Editing, J.L., Y.-X.Z. All authors gave final approval for the submission and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. We have obtained the relevant permissions for BioRender (www.biorender.com) and have used the correct permission text as required by the copyright holders.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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