[1] Agger, R., Witmer-Pack, M., Romani, N., Stossel, H., Swiggard, W.J., Metlay, J.P., Storozynsky, E., Freimuth, P., and Steinman, R.M. (1992). Two populations of splenic dendritic cells detected with M342, a new monoclonal to an intracellular antigen of interdigitating dendritic cells and some B lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 52, 34–42 .1379295
[2] Aliberti, J., Schulz, O., Pennington, D.J., Tsujimura, H., Reis e Sousa, C., Ozato, K., and Sher, A. (2003a). Essential role for ICSBP in the in vivo development of murine CD8alpha+ dendritic cells. Blood 101, 305–310 .12393690
[3] Aliberti, J., Schulz, O., Pennington, D.J., Tsujimura, H., Reis e Sousa, C., Ozato, K., and Sher, A. (2003b). Essential role for ICSBP in the in vivo development of murine CD8alpha+ dendritic cells. Blood 101, 305–310 .12393690
[4] Baiocchi, G., Scambia, G., Benedetti, P., Menichella, G., Testa, U., Pierelli, L., Martucci, R., Foddai, M.L., Bizzi, B., Mancuso, S., (1993). Autologous stem cell transplantation: sequential production of hematopoietic cytokines underlying granulocyte recovery. Cancer Res 53, 1297–1303 .7680283
[5] Banchereau, J., and Steinman, R.M. (1998). Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392, 245–252 .9521319
[6] Bedoui, S., Whitney, P.G., Waithman, J., Eidsmo, L., Wakim, L., Caminschi, I., Allan, R.S., Wojtasiak, M., Shortman, K., Carbone, F.R., (2009). Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived CD103+ dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 10, 488–495 .19349986
[7] Bogunovic, M., Ginhoux, F., Helft, J., Shang, L., Hashimoto, D., Greter, M., Liu, K., Jakubzick, C., Ingersoll, M.A., Leboeuf, M., (2009). Origin of the lamina propria dendritic cell network. Immunity 31, 513–525 .19733489
[8] Brasel, K., De Smedt, T., Smith, J.L., and Maliszewski, C.R. (2000). Generation of murine dendritic cells from Flt3-ligand-supplemented bone marrow cultures. Blood 96, 3029–3039 .11049981
[9] Brawand, P., Fitzpatrick, D.R., Greenfield, B.W., Brasel, K., Maliszewski, C.R., and De Smedt, T. (2002). Murine plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells generated from Flt3 ligand-supplemented bone marrow cultures are immature APCs. J Immunol 169, 6711– 6719 .12471102
[10] Brugmann, W., and Winandy, S. (2010). Ikaros null mice demonstrate defects in dendritic cell development. J Immunol 184, 36.1719949095.
[11] Carotta, S., Dakic, A., D’Amico, A., Pang, S.H., Greig, K.T., Nutt, S.L., and Wu, L. (2010). The transcription factor PU.1 controls dendritic cell development and Flt3 cytokine receptor expression in a dose-dependent manner. Immunity 32, 628–641 .20510871
[12] Caux, C., Vanbervliet, B., Massacrier, C., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., de Saint-Vis, B., Jacquet, C., Yoneda, K., Imamura, S., Schmitt, D., and Banchereau, J. (1996). CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to GM-CSF+TNF α. J Exp Med 184, 695–706 .8760823
[13] Cebon, J., Layton, J.E., Maher, D., and Morstyn, G. (1994). Endogenous haemopoietic growth factors in neutropenia and infection. Br J Haematol 86, 265–274 .7515265
[14] Cheers, C., Haigh, A.M., Kelso, A., Metcalf, D., Stanley, E.R., and Young, A.M. (1988). Production of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?during?nfection:?separate?determinations?of macrophage-, granulocyte-, granulocyte-macrophage-, and multi-CSFs. Infect Immun 56, 247–251 .3257205
[15] Chomarat, P., Banchereau, J., Davoust, J., and Palucka, A.K. (2000). IL-6 switches the differentiation of monocytes from dendritic cells to macrophages. Nat Immunol 1, 510–514 .11101873
[16] Cisse, B., Caton, M.L., Lehner, M., Maeda, T., Scheu, S., Locksley, R., Holmberg, D., Zweier, C., den Hollander, N.S., Kant, S.G., (2008). Transcription factor E2-2 is an essential and specific regulator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development. Cell 135, 37–48 .18854153
[17] Coombes, J.L., Siddiqui, K.R., Arancibia-Cárcamo, C.V., Hall, J., Sun, C.M., Belkaid, Y., and Powrie, F. (2007). A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 204, 1757–1764 .17620361
[18] Corcoran, L., Ferrero, I., Vremec, D., Lucas, K., Waithman, J., O’Keeffe, M., Wu, L., Wilson, A., and Shortman, K. (2003). The lymphoid past of mouse plasmacytoid cells and thymic dendritic cells. J Immunol 170, 4926–4932 .12734335
[19] D’Amico, A., and Wu, L. (2003). The early progenitors of mouse dendritic cells and plasmacytoid predendritic cells are within the bone marrow hemopoietic precursors expressing Flt3. J Exp Med 198, 293–303 .12874262
[20] Dai, X.M., Ryan, G.R., Hapel, A.J., Dominguez, M.G., Russell, R.G., Kapp, S., Sylvestre, V., and Stanley, E.R. (2002). Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects. Blood 99, 111–120 .11756160
[21] Darrasse-Jèze, G., Deroubaix, S., Mouquet, H., Victora, G.D., Eisenreich, T., Yao, K.H., Masilamani, R.F., Dustin, M.L., Rudensky, A., Liu, K., (2009). Feedback control of regulatory T cell homeostasis by dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 206, 1853–1862 .19667061
[22] de Heer, H.J., Hammad, H., Soullié, T., Hijdra, D., Vos, N., Willart, M.A., Hoogsteden, H.C., and Lambrecht, B.N. (2004). Essential role of lung plasmacytoid dendritic cells in preventing asthmatic reactions to harmless inhaled antigen. J Exp Med 200, 89–98 .15238608
[23] De Smedt, T., Pajak, B., Muraille, E., Lespagnard, L., Heinen, E., De Baetselier, P., Urbain, J., Leo, O., and Moser, M. (1996). Regulation of dendritic cell numbers and maturation by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. J Exp Med 184, 1413–1424 .8879213
[24] del Rio, M.L., Rodriguez-Barbosa, J.I., Kremmer, E., and F?rster, R. (2007). CD103- and CD103+ bronchial lymph node dendritic cells are specialized in presenting and cross-presenting innocuous antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 178, 6861–6866 .17513734
[25] den Haan, J.M., Lehar, S.M., and Bevan, M.J. (2000). CD8(+) but not CD8(-) dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J Exp Med 192, 1685–1696 .11120766
[26] Djouad, F., Charbonnier, L.M., Bouffi, C., Louis-Plence, P., Bony, C., Apparailly, F., Cantos, C., Jorgensen, C., and No?l, D. (2007). Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the differentiation of dendritic cells through an interleukin-6-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells 25, 2025–2032 .17510220
[27] Edelson, B.T., Kc, W., Juang, R., Kohyama, M., Benoit, L.A., Klekotka, P.A., Moon, C., Albring, J.C., Ise, W., Michael, D.G., (2010). Peripheral CD103+ dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells. J Exp Med 207, 823–836 .20351058
[28] Esashi, E., Wang, Y.H., Perng, O., Qin, X.F., Liu, Y.J., and Watowich, S.S. (2008). The signal transducer STAT5 inhibits plasmacytoid dendritic cell development by suppressing transcription factor Irf8. Immunity 28, 509–520 .18342552
[29] Fancke, B., Suter, M., Hochrein, H., and O’Keeffe, M. (2008). M-CSF: a novel plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell poietin. Blood 111, 150–159 .17916748
[30] Fogg, D.K., Sibon, C., Miled, C., Jung, S., Aucouturier, P., Littman, D.R., Cumano, A., and Geissmann, F. (2006). A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells. Science 311, 83–87 .16322423
[31] Ghosh, H.S., Cisse, B., Bunin, A., Lewis, K.L., and Reizis, B. (2010). Continuous expression of the transcription factor e2-2 maintains the cell fate of mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunity 33, 905–916 .21145760
[32] Ginhoux, F., Collin, M.P., Bogunovic, M., Abel, M., Leboeuf, M., Helft, J., Ochando, J., Kissenpfennig, A., Malissen, B., Grisotto, M., (2007). Blood-derived dermal langerin+ dendritic cells survey the skin in the steady state. J Exp Med 204, 3133–3146 .18086862
[33] Ginhoux, F., Liu, K., Helft, J., Bogunovic, M., Greter, M., Hashimoto, D., Price, J., Yin, N., Bromberg, J., Lira, S.A., (2009). The origin and development of nonlymphoid tissue CD103+ DCs. J Exp Med 206, 3115–3130 .20008528
[34] Ginhoux, F., Tacke, F., Angeli, V., Bogunovic, M., Loubeau, M., Dai, X.M., Stanley, E.R., Randolph, G.J., and Merad, M. (2006). Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nat Immunol 7, 265–273 .16444257
[35] Goubier, A., Dubois, B., Gheit, H., Joubert, G., Villard-Truc, F., Asselin-Paturel, C., Trinchieri, G., and Kaiserlian, D. (2008). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells mediate oral tolerance. Immunity 29, 464–475 .18789731
[36] Gregorio, J., Meller, S., Conrad, C., Di Nardo, A., Homey, B., Lauerma, A., Arai, N., Gallo, R.L., Digiovanni, J., and Gilliet, M. (2010). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense skin injury and promote wound healing through type I interferons. J Exp Med 207, 2921–2930 .21115688
[37] Hacker, C., Kirsch, R.D., Ju, X.S., Hieronymus, T., Gust, T.C., Kuhl, C., Jorgas, T., Kurz, S.M., Rose-John, S., Yokota, Y., (2003). Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development. Nat Immunol 4, 380–386 .12598895
[38] Henri, S., Poulin, L.F., Tamoutounour, S., Ardouin, L., Guilliams, M., de Bovis, B., Devilard, E., Viret, C., Azukizawa, H., Kissenpfennig, A., (2010). CD207+ CD103+ dermal dendritic cells cross-present keratinocyte-derived antigens irrespective of the presence of Langerhans cells. J Exp Med 207, 189–206 .20038600
[39] Hikino, H., Miyagi, T., Hua, Y., Hirohisa, S., Gold, D.P., Li, X.K., Fujino, M., Tetsuya, T., Amemiya, H., Suzuki, S., (2000). GM-CSF-independent development of dendritic cells from bone marrow cells in the GM-CSF-receptor-deficient mouse. Transplant Proc 32, 2458–2459 .11120243
[40] Hildner, K., Edelson, B.T., Purtha, W.E., Diamond, M., Matsushita, H., Kohyama, M., Calderon, B., Schraml, B.U., Unanue, E.R., Diamond, M.S., (2008). Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity. Science 322, 1097–1100 .
[41] Hochrein, H., Shortman, K., Vremec, D., Scott, B., Hertzog, P., and O’Keeffe, M. (2001). Differential production of IL-12, IFN-α, and IFN-γ by mouse dendritic cell subsets. J Immunol 166, 5448–5455 .11313382
[42] Holmes, M.L., Carotta, S., Corcoran, L.M., and Nutt, S.L. (2006). Repression of Flt3 by Pax5 is crucial for B-cell lineage commitment. Genes Dev 20, 933–938 .16618805
[43] Ichikawa, E., Hida, S., Omatsu, Y., Shimoyama, S., Takahara, K., Miyagawa, S., Inaba, K., and Taki, S. (2004). Defective development of splenic and epidermal CD4+ dendritic cells in mice deficient for IFN regulatory factor-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 3909–3914 .15004277
[44] Igyarto, B.Z., Jenison, M.C., Dudda, J.C., Roers, A., Müller, W., Koni, P.A., Campbell, D.J., Shlomchik, M.J., and Kaplan, D.H. (2009). Langerhans cells suppress contact hypersensitivity responses via cognate CD4 interaction and langerhans cell-derived IL-10. J Immunol 183, 5085–5093 .19801524
[45] Isaksson, M., Ardesj?, B., R?nnblom, L., K?mpe, O., Lassmann, H., Eloranta, M.L., and Lobell, A. (2009). Plasmacytoid DC promote priming of autoimmune Th17 cells and EAE. Eur J Immunol 39, 2925–2935 .19637225
[46] Jackson, J.T., Hu, Y., Liu, R., Masson, F., D’Amico, A., Carotta, S., Xin, A., Camilleri, M.J., Mount, A.M., Kallies, A., (2011). Id2 expression delineates differential checkpoints in the genetic program of CD8α(+) and CD103(+) dendritic cell lineages. EMBO J 30, 2690–2704 .21587207
[47] Jakubzick, C., Tacke, F., Ginhoux, F., Wagers, A.J., van Rooijen, N., Mack, M., Merad, M., and Randolph, G.J. (2008). Blood monocyte subsets differentially give rise to CD103+ and CD103- pulmonary dendritic cell populations. J Immunol 180, 3019–3027 .18292524
[48] Kabashima, K., Banks, T.A., Ansel, K.M., Lu, T.T., Ware, C.F., and Cyster, J.G. (2005a). Intrinsic lymphotoxin-beta receptor requirement for homeostasis of lymphoid tissue dendritic cells. Immunity 22, 439–450 .15845449
[49] Kabashima, K., Banks, T.A., Ansel, K.M., Lu, T.T., Ware, C.F., and Cyster, J.G. (2005b). Intrinsic lymphotoxin-β receptor requirement for homeostasis of lymphoid tissue dendritic cells. Immunity 22, 439–450 .15845449
[50] Kaplan, D.H., Jenison, M.C., Saeland, S., Shlomchik, W.D., and Shlomchik, M.J. (2005). Epidermal langerhans cell-deficient mice develop enhanced contact hypersensitivity. Immunity 23, 611– 620 .16356859
[51] Kim, J.M., Rasmussen, J.P., and Rudensky, A.Y. (2007). Regulatory T cells prevent catastrophic autoimmunity throughout the lifespan of mice. Nat Immunol 8, 191–197 .17136045
[52] King, I.L., Kroenke, M.A., and Segal, B.M. (2010). GM-CSF-dependent, CD103+ dermal dendritic cells play a critical role in Th effector cell differentiation after subcutaneous immunization. J Exp Med 207, 953–961 .20421390
[53] Kingston, D., Schmid, M.A., Onai, N., Obata-Onai, A., Baumjohann, D., and Manz, M.G. (2009). The concerted action of GM-CSF and Flt3-ligand on in vivo dendritic cell homeostasis. Blood 114, 835–843 .19465690
[54] Kobayashi, T., Walsh, P.T., Walsh, M.C., Speirs, K.M., Chiffoleau, E., King, C.G., Hancock, W.W., Caamano, J.H., Hunter, C.A., Scott, P., (2003). TRAF6 is a critical factor for dendritic cell maturation and development. Immunity 19, 353–363 .14499111
[55] Laouar, Y., Welte, T., Fu, X.Y., and Flavell, R.A. (2003). STAT3 is required for Flt3L-dependent dendritic cell differentiation. Immunity 19, 903–912 .14670306
[56] Lin, H., Lee, E., Hestir, K., Leo, C., Huang, M., Bosch, E., Halenbeck, R., Wu, G., Zhou, A., Behrens, D., (2008). Discovery of a cytokine and its receptor by functional screening of the extracellular proteome. Science 320, 807–811 .
[57] Liu, K., Victora, G.D., Schwickert, T.A., Guermonprez, P., Meredith, M.M., Yao, K., Chu, F.F., Randolph, G.J., Rudensky, A.Y., and Nussenzweig, M. (2009). In vivo analysis of dendritic cell development and homeostasis. Science 324, 392–397 .19286519
[58] Liu, Y.-J. (2005). IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annu Rev Immunol 23, 275–306 .15771572
[59] Manz, M.G., Traver, D., Miyamoto, T., Weissman, I.L., and Akashi, K. (2001). Dendritic cell potentials of early lymphoid and myeloid progenitors. Blood 97, 3333–3341 .11369621
[60] McKenna, H.J., Stocking, K.L., Miller, R.E., Brasel, K., De Smedt, T., Maraskovsky, E., Maliszewski, C.R., Lynch, D.H., Smith, J., Pulendran, B., (2000). Mice lacking Flt3 ligand have deficient hematopoiesis affecting hematopoietic progenitor cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Blood 95, 3489–3497 .10828034
[61] Metlay, J.P., Witmer-Pack, M.D., Agger, R., Crowley, M.T., Lawless, D., and Steinman, R.M. (1990). The distinct leukocyte integrins of mouse spleen dendritic cells as identified with new hamster monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 171, 1753–1771 .2185332
[62] Naik, S.H., Metcalf, D., van Nieuwenhuijze, A., Wicks, I., Wu, L., O’Keeffe, M., and Shortman, K. (2006). Intrasplenic steady-state dendritic cell precursors that are distinct from monocytes. Nat Immunol 7, 663–671 .16680143
[63] Naik, S.H., Proietto, A.I., Wilson, N.S., Dakic, A., Schnorrer, P., Fuchsberger, M., Lahoud, M.H., O’Keeffe, M., Shao, Q.X., Chen, W.F., (2005). Cutting edge: generation of splenic CD8+ and CD8- dendritic cell equivalents in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand bone marrow cultures. J Immunol 174, 6592–6597 .15905497
[64] Nutt, S.L., Heavey, B., Rolink, A.G., and Busslinger, M. (1999). Commitment to the B-lymphoid lineage depends on the transcription factor Pax5. Nature 401, 556–562 .10524622
[65] O’Keeffe, M., Brodnicki, T.C., Fancke, B., Vremec, D., Morahan, G., Maraskovsky, E., Steptoe, R., Harrison, L.C., and Shortman, K. (2005). Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand administration overcomes a genetically determined dendritic cell deficiency in NOD mice and protects against diabetes development. Int Immunol 17, 307–314 .15684037
[66] Onai, N., Obata-Onai, A., Tussiwand, R., Lanzavecchia, A., and Manz, M.G. (2006). Activation of the Flt3 signal transduction cascade rescues and enhances type I interferon-producing and dendritic cell development. J Exp Med 203, 227–238 .16418395
[67] Park, S.J., Nakagawa, T., Kitamura, H., Atsumi, T., Kamon, H., Sawa, S., Kamimura, D., Ueda, N., Iwakura, Y., Ishihara, K., (2004). IL-6 regulates in vivo dendritic cell differentiation through STAT3 activation. J Immunol 173, 3844–3854 .15356132
[68] Pelayo, R., Hirose, J., Huang, J., Garrett, K.P., Delogu, A., Busslinger, M., and Kincade, P.W. (2005). Derivation of 2 categories of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in murine bone marrow. Blood 105, 4407–4415 .15728131
[69] Pooley, J.L., Heath, W.R., and Shortman, K. (2001). Cutting edge: intravenous soluble antigen is presented to CD4 T cells by CD8- dendritic cells, but cross-presented to CD8 T cells by CD8+ dendritic cells. J Immunol 166, 5327–5330 .11313367
[70] Poulin, L.F., Henri, S., de Bovis, B., Devilard, E., Kissenpfennig, A., and Malissen, B. (2007). The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells. J Exp Med 204, 3119–3131 .18086861
[71] Proietto, A.I., O’Keeffe, M., Gartlan, K., Wright, M.D., Shortman, K., Wu, L., and Lahoud, M.H. (2004). Differential production of inflammatory chemokines by murine dendritic cell subsets. Immunobiology 209, 163–172 .15481150
[72] Qiu, C.H., Miyake, Y., Kaise, H., Kitamura, H., Ohara, O., and Tanaka, M. (2009). Novel subset of CD8α+ dendritic cells localized in the marginal zone is responsible for tolerance to cell-associated antigens. J immunol 182, 4127–4136 .
[73] Reis e Sousa, C., Hieny, S., Scharton-Kersten, T., Jankovic, D., Charest, H., Germain, R.N., and Sher, A. (1997). In vivo microbial stimulation induces rapid CD40 ligand-independent production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells and their redistribution to T cell areas. J Exp Med 186, 1819–1829 .9382881
[74] Reizis, B. (2010). Regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development. Curr Opin Immunol 22, 206–211 .20144853
[75] Romani, N., Holzmann, S., Tripp, C.H., Koch, F., and Stoitzner, P. (2003). Langerhans cells- dendritic cells of the epidermis. APMIS 111, 725–740 .12974775
[76] Sallusto, F., and Lanzavecchia, A. (1994). Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α. J Exp Med 179, 1109–1118 .8145033
[77] Sathe, P., Pooley, J., Vremec, D., Mintern, J., Jin, J.O., Wu, L., Kwak, J.Y., Villadangos, J.A., and Shortman, K. (2011). The Acquisition of Antigen Cross-Presentation Function by Newly Formed Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 186, 5184–5192 .
[78] Schiavoni, G., Mattei, F., Borghi, P., Sestili, P., Venditti, M., Morse, H.C. 3rd, Belardelli, F., and Gabriele, L. (2004). ICSBP is critically involved in the normal development and trafficking of Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. Blood 103, 2221–2228 .14615368
[79] Schiavoni, G., Mattei, F., Sestili, P., Borghi, P., Venditti, M., Morse, H.C. 3rd, Belardelli, F., and Gabriele, L. (2002). ICSBP is essential for the development of mouse type I interferon-producing cells and for the generation and activation of CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells. J Exp Med 196, 1415–1425 .12461077
[80] Schotte, R., Nagasawa, M., Weijer, K., Spits, H., and Blom, B. (2004). The ETS transcription factor Spi-B is required for human plasmacytoid dendritic cell development. J Exp Med 200, 1503–1509 .15583020
[81] Schulz, O., Jaensson, E., Persson, E.K., Liu, X., Worbs, T., Agace, W.W., and Pabst, O. (2009). Intestinal CD103+, but not CX3CR1+, antigen sampling cells migrate in lymph and serve classical dendritic cell functions. J Exp Med 206, 3101–3114 .20008524
[82] Serbina, N.V., Salazar-Mather, T.P., Biron, C.A., Kuziel, W.A., and Pamer, E.G. (2003). TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells mediate innate immune defense against bacterial infection. Immunity 19, 59–70 .12871639
[83] Shigematsu, H., Reizis, B., Iwasaki, H., Mizuno, S., Hu, D., Traver, D., Leder, P., Sakaguchi, N., and Akashi, K. (2004). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate lymphoid-specific genetic programs irrespective of their cellular origin. Immunity 21, 43–53 .15345219
[84] Spits, H., Couwenberg, F., Bakker, A.Q., Weijer, K., and Uittenbogaart, C.H. (2000). Id2 and Id3 inhibit development of CD34(+) stem cells into predendritic cell (pre-DC)2 but not into pre-DC1. Evidence for a lymphoid origin of pre-DC2. J Exp Med 192, 1775–1784 .11120774
[85] Steinman, R.M., Pack, M., and Inaba, K. (1997). Dendritic cells in the T-cell areas of lymphoid organs. Immunol Rev 156, 25–37 .9176697
[86] Sung, S.S., Fu, S.M., Rose, C.E. Jr, Gaskin, F., Ju, S.T., and Beaty, S.R. (2006). A major lung CD103 (alphaE)-beta7 integrin-positive epithelial dendritic cell population expressing Langerin and tight junction proteins. J Immunol 176, 2161–2172 .16455972
[87] Suzuki, S., Honma, K., Matsuyama, T., Suzuki, K., Toriyama, K., Akitoyo, I., Yamamoto, K., Suematsu, T., Nakamura, M., Yui, K., (2004). Critical roles of interferon regulatory factor 4 in CD11bhighCD8alpha- dendritic cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 8981–8986 .15184678
[88] Swee, L.K., Bosco, N., Malissen, B., Ceredig, R., and Rolink, A. (2009). Expansion of peripheral naturally occurring T regulatory cells by Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand treatment. Blood 113, 6277–6287 .19211508
[89] Tsujimura, H., Tamura, T., Gongora, C., Aliberti, J., Reis e Sousa, C., Sher, A., and Ozato, K. (2003). ICSBP/Irf-8 retrovirus transduction rescues dendritic cell development in vitro. Blood 101, 961–969 .12393459
[90] Valladeau, J., Clair-Moninot, V., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Pin, J.J., Kissenpfennig, A., Mattéi, M.G., Ait-Yahia, S., Bates, E.E., Malissen, B., Koch, F., (2002). Identification of mouse langerin/CD207 in Langerhans cells and some dendritic cells of lymphoid tissues. J Immunol 168, 782–792 .11777972
[91] Valladeau, J., Ravel, O., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Moore, K., Kleijmeer, M., Liu, Y., Duvert-Frances, V., Vincent, C., Schmitt, D., Davoust, J., (2000). Langerin, a novel C-type lectin specific to Langerhans cells, is an endocytic receptor that induces the formation of Birbeck granules. Immunity 12, 71–81 .10661407
[92] Varol, C., Landsman, L., Fogg, D.K., Greenshtein, L., Gildor, B., Margalit, R., Kalchenko, V., Geissmann, F., and Jung, S. (2007). Monocytes give rise to mucosal, but not splenic, conventional dendritic cells. J Exp Med 204, 171–180 .17190836
[93] Varol, C., Vallon-Eberhard, A., Elinav, E., Aychek, T., Shapira, Y., Luche, H., Fehling, H.J., Hardt, W.D., Shakhar, G., and Jung, S. (2009). Intestinal lamina propria dendritic cell subsets have different origin and functions. Immunity 31, 502–512 .19733097
[94] Vremec, D., Lieschke, G.J., Dunn, A.R., Robb, L., Metcalf, D., and Shortman, K. (1997). The influence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell levels in mouse lymphoid organs. Eur J Immunol 27, 40–44 .9021996
[95] Vremec, D., Pooley, J., Hochrein, H., Wu, L., and Shortman, K. (2000). CD4 and CD8 expression by dendritic cell subtypes in mouse thymus and spleen. J Immunol 164, 2978–2986 .10706685
[96] Vremec, D., Zorbas, M., Scollay, R., Saunders, D.J., Ardavin, C.F., Wu, L., and Shortman, K. (1992). The surface phenotype of dendritic cells purified from mouse thymus and spleen: investigation of the CD8 expression by a subpopulation of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 176, 47–58 .1613465
[97] Wang, L., Bursch, L.S., Kissenpfennig, A., Malissen, B., Jameson, S.C., and Hogquist, K.A. (2008). Langerin expressing cells promote skin immune responses under defined conditions. J Immunol 180, 4722–4727 .18354196
[98] Wang, Y.D., Gu, Z.J., Huang, J.A., Zhu, Y.B., Zhou, Z.H., Xie, W., Xu, Y., Qiu, Y.H., and Zhang, X.G. (2002). gp130-linked signal transduction promotes the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells. Int Immunol 14, 599–603 .12039911
[99] Wilson, N.S., El-Sukkari, D., Belz, G.T., Smith, C.M., Steptoe, R.J., Heath, W.R., Shortman, K., and Villadangos, J.A. (2003). Most lymphoid organ dendritic cell types are phenotypically and functionally immature. Blood 102, 2187–2194 .12791652
[100] Worbs, T., Bode, U., Yan, S., Hoffmann, M.W., Hintzen, G., Bernhardt, G., F?rster, R., and Pabst, O. (2006). Oral tolerance originates in the intestinal immune system and relies on antigen carriage by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 203, 519–527 .16533884
[101] Wu, L., D’Amico, A., Winkel, K.D., Suter, M., Lo, D., and Shortman, K. (1998). RelB is essential for the development of myeloid-related CD8alpha- dendritic cells but not of lymphoid-related CD8alpha+ dendritic cells. Immunity 9, 839–847 .9881974
[102] Wu, L., Nichogiannopoulou, A., Shortman, K., and Georgopoulos, K. (1997). Cell-autonomous defects in dendritic cell populations of Ikaros mutant mice point to a developmental relationship with the lymphoid lineage. Immunity 7, 483–492 .9354469
[103] Xu, Y., Zhan, Y., Lew, A.M., Naik, S.H., and Kershaw, M.H. (2007). Differential development of murine dendritic cells by GM-CSF versus Flt3 ligand has implications for inflammation and trafficking. J Immunol 179, 7577–7584 .18025203
[104] Zhan, Y., Carrington, E.M., van Nieuwenhuijze, A., Bedoui, S., Seah, S., Xu, Y., Wang, N., Mintern, J.D., Villadangos, J.A., Wicks, I.P., (2011). GM-CSF increases cross presentation and CD103 expression by mouse CD8+ spleen dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 4 AUG . DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141540