Tissue-resident memory-like ILCs: innate counterparts of T_RM cells

Abstract

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are defined as lymphocytes that lack RAG recombinase and do not express diverse antigen receptors; however, recent studies have revealed the adaptive features of ILCs. Mouse cytome-galovirus (MCMV)- and cytokine-induced memory natu-ral killer (NK) cells circulate in the blood and are referred to as conventional memory NK cells. In contrast, virus- and hapten-induced memory NK cells, hapten-induced memory ILC1s, and cytokine-induced memory-like ILC2s exhibit long-term residency in the liver or lung, and are referred to as tissue-resident memory ILCs. Considering their similar migration patterns and mem- ory potential, tissue-resident memory ILCs could be regarded as innate counterparts of resident memory T (T_RM) cells. Both tissue-resident memory ILCs and T_RM cells share common characteristics in terms of dynam- ics, phenotype, and molecular regulation. The emer-gence of ILC memory expands the basic biology of ILCs and prompts us to re-examine their functions in disease progression. This review discusses the evidence sup-porting tissue-resident memory NK cells and other memory ILC subsets, compares them with TRM cells, and highlights key unsolved questions in this emerging field.

Keywords

tissue-residency / innate lymphoid cells / immunological memory / TRM cells

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