Objective: Modic changes (MC) are pathological signal alterations occurring in the vertebral endplates and adjacent bone marrow. These changes are frequently linked to degenerative disc diseases and are associated with low back pain symptoms. However, despite increasing research interest, existing studies are fragmented, mostly descriptive, and lack a comprehensive, quantitative assessment of research patterns, hotspots, and collaboration networks in this field. This study aims to evaluate the current research landscape and global trends regarding spinal MC using bibliometric analysis.
Methods: We retrieved relevant publications on spinal MC from the Web of Science Core Collection database, spanning January 2004 to August 2024. Using CiteSpace, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of keywords, co-authors, institutions, countries, research domains, cited literature, cited authors, and cited journals.
Results: This study analyzed 603 articles published in 168 journals from 193 countries. China emerged as the leading contributor in terms of publication volume, while the University of Oulu in Finland demonstrated the most significant institutional impact. J. Karppinen was identified as the most prolific author, whereas M. Modic was the most frequently cited. Among journals, Spine accounted for the highest number of publications and citations. Key research hotspots identified through keyword analysis include “degenerative disease,” “bone marrow changes,” “abnormalities,” “type II changes,” “lower back,” “protrusion,” “discectomy,” “paraspinal muscles,” “obesity,” and “overweight”.
Conclusion: This study represents the first known bibliometric analysis and visualization of MC, offering clinicians valuable insights into research priorities and directions. Future investigations should prioritize the classification, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical significance of different types of MC, especially their roles in pain and functional impairment. Research should also explore the impact of obesity and paraspinal muscles on the progression of MC. Moreover, studies should examine the potential benefits of weight loss and muscle strengthening in alleviating symptoms. Finally, researchers should focus on leveraging artificial intelligence to improve the identification and understanding of MC.
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2025 The Author(s). Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
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