Association between Adverse Psychological Emotions and Postoperative Brace for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Prospective Cohort Study with Propensity Score Matching

Abstract

Objective: Although the advantages of postoperative braces have been verified in many fields, it is not clear whether postoperative braces can help reduce patients’ adverse psychological emotions such as kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression. This study aims to analyze whether the use of a postoperative brace helps reduce adverse psychological emotions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients undergoing spinal deformity surgeries.

Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent spinal corrective surgeries at our institution between April 2023 and July 2023 formed the prospective cohort. Outcome measures were collected in the preoperative period, 3 months after surgery, and 6 months after surgery. All patients were assessed using the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and the numerical rating scale (NRS). A statistical model of propensity score matching was used to eliminate potential selection bias and maintain comparability. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between postoperative brace and adverse psychological emotions.

Results: After propensity score matching, this study ultimately enrolled 150 patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic and perioperative variables. The fully adjusted model showed that the TSK scores of the non-brace group at the 3-month (β = 2.50, 95% CI 0.80–4.20, p = 0.005) and 6-month follow-up (β = 2.75, 95% CI 0.75–4.74, p = 0.007) were significantly higher than those of the brace group. The HADS score of the non-brace group at the 3-month follow-up was significantly higher than that of the brace group (β = 1.75, 95% CI 0.28–3.22, p = 0.019). The NRS score of the non-brace group at the 3-month follow-up was significantly higher than that of the brace group (β = 0.69, 95% CI 0.05–1.33, p = 0.034). At the 6-month follow-up, there were no significant difference for HADS score or NRS score between the two groups.

Conclusion: In the early postoperative period, the postoperative brace could provide AIS patients with psychological supports and help them reduce the frequency of adverse psychological emotions. The postoperative brace could continuously improve the fear of movement within 6 months after surgery, and help reduce anxiety, depression, and pain within 3 months after surgery.

Keywords

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / Adverse psychological emotions / Brace / Corrective surgery / Spinal deformity

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2024 The Author(s). Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.