Organoid-derived extracellular vesicles: From organoid, to organoid

Abstract

Organoids are models of miniature organs formed by three-dimensional (3D) culture of stem cells or primary tissue cells. Their structure or function is highly similar to that of in-situ organs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are non-replicating nanocarriers with a phospholipid bilayer (20 - 400 nanometers) used to deliver bioactive substances. Organoid-derived extracellular vesicles (OEVs) are easier to form than conventional EVs and have enhanced biological functions. Organoids have the characteristics of stem cells; the transportation of bioactive substances by OEVs has broad prospects in medical applications. This article expounds the development, concept, construction methods and applications of organoids, describes the types, research progress and advantages of EVs, then outlines the concept of the basic biology of EVs, and explores their potential applications in disease treatment and intervention. Furthermore, we examine the distinctions that differentiate OEVs from conventional EVs. Finally, this paper summarises the advantages and challenges of OEVs and outlines their future prospects in disease treatment.

Keywords

Organoids / Organoid-derived extracellular vesicles / Cell-free therapy / Regenerative medicine

Acknowledgments

None.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82202344), Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation project (BK20241808), Fujian Province Natural Science Foundation project (2024J01221), and Jiangsu Province Youth Science and Technology Talent support Project (JSTJ-2024-097).

Conflict of interest

Jiacan Su is one of the Editors-in-Chief of this journal, but was not in any way involved in the Editorial and peer-review process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Wojciech Chrzanowski, Han Liu, Jiacan Su

Visualization: Ting Cheng

Writing-original draft: Ting Cheng

Writing-review & editing: All authors

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data

Not applicable.

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