Liver metastatic cancer organoid models: From mechanistic insights to precision medicine

Abstract

Metastasis is a primary cause of cancer-related mortality, and the liver is the most common site of tumor metastasis. The molecular heterogeneity and complex tumor microenvironment of liver metastases remain major barriers contributing to clinical treatment failure. The dearth of accurate metastatic liver tumor models leads to a paucity of understanding regarding the mechanisms of liver metastasis and limits the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Patient-derived organoids provide a three-dimensional, tissue-engineered, cell-based in vitro model that reproduces the complex structure and function of the corresponding in vivo tissue. The advent of this personalized paradigm, tailored to the specific needs of individual patients, has enabled the translation of Foundational research into clinical applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of various methods for culturing liver metastatic cancer organoids, highlighting the novel findings and clinical applicability of organoids in liver metastasis research. It also discusses current research achievements and recent advances in liver metastatic cancer organoids.

Keywords

Liver metastatic cancer / Organoids / Mechanisms / Clinical applications

Acknowledgments

None.

Funding

This work was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2024M750460); the Nanjing Postdoctoral Research Foundation Project (Grant No. FTJ-bh-2); Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Jiangsu Province High-Level Hospital Pairing Assistance Construction Funds (Grant No. zdyyxy35); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2242025K30022); and the Non-communicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant Nos. 2024ZD0520400 and 2024ZD0520403).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Tong Sun, Hao Lin

Visualization: Tong Sun

Writing-original draft: All authors

Writing-review & editing: All authors

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data

Not applicable.

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