The laser detection technology based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam has been rapidly developed, but it is restricted by many factors from being applied in practice. One of the most significant issues is that it is greatly affected by environmental conditions. When it is applied in the fog environment, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the echo signal will be seriously reduced due to the interference of environmental noise. A comprehensive study on the forward propagation and backscattering characteristic evolution theory of OAM transmission through the atmospheric fog environment is essential to formulate corresponding strategies to improve its environmental adaptability. In this work, we proposed a light field initialization method based on the acceptance-rejection method (ARM) which can convert the light field to photon flow. By combining this method with the electric Monte-Carlo (EMC), we established a propagation dynamics analysis model of OAM beam in a fog environment to reveal the propagation and evolution process of OAM beam in a complex environment. This work provides the theoretical and technical support for improving the applicability and detection accuracy of OAM laser detection technology in a complex environment. Furthermore, by combining with other models, this model can be updated for analysis of the transmission dynamics of multidimensional modulated light field under more complex environment conditions, such as foggy, smoky, and rainy environments, which can help to improve the performance of free space optical communication, Lidar, and laser energy delivery systems.
| [1] |
Shen Y, Wang X, Xie Z, et al.. Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities. Light: science & applications, 2019, 8(1): 90 J]
|
| [2] |
Ke XKe X. Orbital angular momentum beam techniques. Handbook of optical wireless communication, 2024, Singapore, Springer, 1755-1827 M]
|
| [3] |
Ma H, Zhang Y, Zhou J, et al.. Infinitesimal optical singularity ruler for three-dimensional picometric metrology. Nature communications, 2024, 15(1): 10853 J]
|
| [4] |
Fu S, Gao C. Influences of atmospheric turbulence effects on the orbital angular momentum spectra of vortex beams. Photonics research, 2016, 4: B1-B4 J]
|
| [5] |
Wan Z, Tang Z, Zhang X, et al.. Compact and reciprocal probe-signal-integrated rotational Doppler velocimetry with fiber-sculpted light. Light: science & applications, 2025, 14: 88 J]
|
| [6] |
Kim J, Cho M. Nonlinear optical detection of the orbital angular momentum of light. Optics letters, 2025, 50(5): 1605 J]
|
| [7] |
Li Z, Liu T, Ren Y, et al.. Direction-sensitive detection of a spinning object using dual-frequency vortex light. Optics express, 2021, 29(5): 7453-7463 J]
|
| [8] |
Fang L, Wan Z, Forbes A, et al.. Vectorial Doppler metrology. Nature communications, 2021, 12: 4186 J]
|
| [9] |
Qiu D, Li X, Yang H, et al.. Design and testing research of LiDAR for detecting atmospheric turbulence. Optoelectronics letters, 2025, 21(3): 172-176 J]
|
| [10] |
Cui C, Zhang Z, Wang H, et al.. Enhancing signal-to-noise ratio of vortex beam detection under cloud and fog conditions by combining spatial distribution and polarization information. Physica scripta, 2025, 100: 035529 J]
|
| [11] |
Periyasamy V, Pramanik M. Advances in Monte Carlo simulation for light propagation in tissue. IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering, 2017, 10: 122-135 J]
|
| [12] |
Xu M. Electric field Monte Carlo simulation of polarized light propagation in turbid media. Optics express, 2004, 12(26): 6530-6539 J]
|
| [13] |
Wang L, Yin X, Jin X, et al.. Composite underwater optical wireless channel modeling based on the electric field Monte Carlo method. Applied optics, 2024, 63(32): 8314-8322 J]
|
| [14] |
Guo S, He Y, Chen Y, et al.. Research on propagation characteristic of Laguerre–Gaussian vortex beams with far-field scattering electric Monte Carlo method. Optics communications, 2023, 531: 129214 J]
|
| [15] |
Liu Y, Yang X, Wang J, et al.. Orthogonality of non-coaxial Laguerre–Gaussian beams. Optics express, 2024, 32(4): 4876-4886 J]
|
| [16] |
Jdid M, Nabeeh N A. Generating random variables that follow the beta distribution using the neutrosophic acceptance-rejection method. Neutrosophic sets & systems, 2023, 58: 139-147[J]
|
| [17] |
Zhu X, Lu L, Cao Z, et al.. Transmission matrix-based electric field Monte Carlo study and experimental validation of the propagation characteristics of Bessel beams in turbid media. Optics letters, 2018, 43(19): 4835-4838 J]
|
| [18] |
Clennell A, Nguyen V, Yakovlev V, et al.. Neu(t)ral MC: energy-efficient open source Monte Carlo algorithm for assessing photon transport in turbid media. Optics express, 2023, 31(19): 30921-30931 J]
|
Rights & permissions
Tianjin University of Technology
PDF
