Fabrication and characteristics of low loss and single-mode channel waveguides based on DNA-HCTAC biopolymer material

Abstract

A novel biopolymer, deoxyribonucleic acid-hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DNA-HCTAC), is used as the core layer material in optical waveguide, and the cleanroom technology is successfully applied to fabricate the single-mode channel waveguides with low propagation loss. The prepared DNA-HCTAC material shows high optical quality at the optical telecommunication wavelengths, such as high transparency, relatively high refractive index and low birefringence. In the fabrication approach, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is used as a barrier layer to protect the DNA-HCTAC material from the corrosive of photoresist developer, and the etching conditions are optimized to form the smooth wall and sharp cross-section of the waveguide. Lastly, the optical characteristics of DNA-HCTAC channel waveguides are measured. The results show that the DNA-HCTAC waveguide operates with single-mode propagation and has a low optical loss.

Keywords

PMMA / Photonic Device / Channel Waveguide / PMMA Layer / CTMA

References

[1] BruceA., JohnsonA., LewisJ., RaffM., RobertsK., WaltersP.. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2002, Fourth EditionNew York and London, Garland Science

[2] WangL., YoshidaJ., OgataN.. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13: 1273

[3] StecklA. J.. Nature Photonics, 2007, 1: 3

[4] KazukauskasV., PranaitisM., ArlauskasA., KrupkaO., EssaidiZ., SahraouiB., KajzarF.. Materials Science, 2010, 16: 191

[5] HagenJ. A., LiW., StecklA. J., GroteJ. G.. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88: 171109

[6] ZhouJ., WangZ. Y., PunE. Y. B.. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2009, 95: 243301

[7] KimY. S., JungK. H., LeeU. R., KimK. H., HoangM. H., JinJ.-I., ChoiD. H.. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2010, 96: 103307

[8] HeckmanE. M., AgaR. S., RossbachA. T., TelekB. A., BartschC. M., GroteJ. G.. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2011, 98: 103304

[9] TsangK. C., WongC.-Y., PunE. Y. B.. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2011, 23: 1106

[10] ZhengC.-t., MaC.-s., YanX., CuiZ.-c., ZhangD.-m.. Optoelectronics Letters, 2011, 7: 102

[11] ZongL.-j., LuoF.-g., ZhengR., DingX., TaoQ., LiB., ZhouW.-l., YuZ.-h.. Optoelectronics Letters, 2009, 5: 324

[12] GuptaP., MarkowiczP. P., BabaK., O’ReillyJ., SamocM., PrasadP. N., GroteJ. G.. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88: 213109

[13] GroteJ. G., HagenJ. A., ZettsJ. S., NelsonR. L., DiggsD. E., StoneM. O., YaneyP. P., HeckmanE., ZhangC., SteierW. H., JenA. K.-Y., DaltonL. R., OgataN., CurleyM. J., ClarsonS. J., HopkinsF. K.. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108: 8584

[14] SamocA., MiniewiczA., SamocM., GroteJ. G.. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2007, 105: 236

[15] SamocA., GalewskiZ., SamocM., GroteJ. G.. Prism Coupler and Microscopic Investigations of DNA Films, Proceeding in Nanobiotronics, San Diego, Proc. SPIE, 2007, 6646: 664607

[16] ChengJ. C., PisanoA. P.. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 2008, 17: 402

[17] HeckmanE. M., HagenJ. A., YaneyP. P., GroteJ. G., HopkinsF. K.. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 87: 211115

[18] MurphyE. J.. Integrated Optical Circuits and Components: Design and Applications, 1999, First EditionNew York, CRC Press

[19] ZhangX., QianM., ZengX., ZhaoZ., LasanteJ., PlanteP.. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2008, 45: 103

This work has been supported by the International Collaboration Project of Ningbo (No.2010D10018), the Research and Innovation Project of Zhejiang Province (No.2011R405050), and the Research Fund of Graduate of Ningbo University (No.G11JA001).