Since the 20th century, global health security related biosafety risks have progressively intensified. Major public health crises, primarily caused by infectious diseases, have become more frequent. Additional concerns, such as population aging, the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases like hypertension and diabetes, the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, and the ongoing effects of global environmental changes and worsening air pollution, have increased health risks for humanity. One Health, a multidisciplinary and cross-regional collaboration strategy that encompasses human, animal, and environmental health care, has become a key internationally recognized strategy for addressing significant and complex human health issues. On April 2, 2024, the One Health Innovation and Development Forum was held at Wenzhou Medical University. At this forum, experts from around the world gathered to discuss topics such as infectious disease prevention and control, vaccine development, antibiotic resistance, food safety, and environmental health. They reached a consensus and took action to jointly promote the realization of a global community of health for all.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent condition that individuals may experience at least once in their lifetime. It is one of the most common reasons for hospital visits across all age groups, from neonates to adults. The predominant organism causing UTIs is Escherichia (E.) coli, followed by other microorganisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Citrobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. This review focuses on E. coli as the predominant causative agent for UTIs, examining its contribution to the disease burden and antibiotic susceptibility which significantly impact on human health and society. Additionally, we discuss novel approaches to combat this common threat, including the development of bio-markers for UTI treatment, the application of AI, and nanotechnology in medical field to fight against UTIs. We also observe the global distribution of uropathogenic E. coli, with specific attention to India, and highlight the recent trends in drug resistance patterns among the uropathogenic E. coli isolates enabling physicians to administer appropriate antibiotics for UTI treatment.
Objective:To characterize the influence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccination time regarding the start of estrus synchronization on antibody titer, inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in Holstein heifers.
Methods:Twenty-four heifers (12.5 to 14.0 months old) were allocated into two experiments with 12 heifers in each, according to history of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1) vaccination (naïve and booster vaccinated). Heifers in each experiment were assigned to Pre-synch, In-synch and control groups. Pre-synch and In-synch groups received IBR vaccine on Day -3 and Day 5 of estrus synchronization start, respectively. Control animals remained unvaccinated but synchronized. Blood samples collected on Day 0 (day of vaccination), 7, 14 and 46 and assayed for IBR antibody titer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).
Results:The experiments showed invariably high BoHV-1 antibody titer after vaccination with live attenuated gE deleted vaccine or polyvalent vaccines containing chemically altered BoHV-1 in all vaccinated-synchronized animals compared to the control from Day 0 to Day 46 in naïve heifers, and from Day 7 to 46 in booster vaccinated animals. In booster vaccinated animals, CRP was low in Pre-synch group on Day 7 (P<0.05), and both synchronized groups on Day 14 and 46. TAC levels of Pre-synch and In-synch naïve heifers, and pre-synch booster heifers were lower than its control group on Day 0, and in naïve vaccinated In-synch group than booster In-synch on Day 7 (P<0.05).
Conclusions:The timing of estrus synchronization related to vaccination did not alter BoHV-1 antibody levels but affected CRP and TAC which make the animals liable for pathogen invasion and/or oxidative stress during the post-vaccinal period.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to identify temporal trends over a two-year period among patients attending a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Microbiology Department, AIIMS Kalyani, West Bengal. Stool samples sent for diagnostic screening from August 2022 to May 2024 were included in the analysis. Complete patient details and blood parameters were retrieved from hospital records.
Results: Out of the 532 subjects, 64.7% were males and 35.3% were females, with 39.8% of the children aged between 0-18 years. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 6.8%. The highest prevalence of parasitosis was observed in the age group over 60 years, followed by 46-60 age year group, at 14.1% and 9.5% respectively. The lowest prevalence was found in the age group of 31-45 years at 2.2%. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar showed the highest prevalence at 61.1%, followed by Giardia spp. at 16.7%. Multi-parasitism was observed in only 2.8 % of the subjects.
Conclusions: There was an annual increase in the trend of intestinal parasitic infections over the 2 year period from 2022 to 2024. Therefore, important interventions are warranted, such as enhancing sanitary conditions, implementing periodic deworming programs, and educating the public about the risks of faecal contamination of water, the importance of drinking boiled water, and promoting environmental hygienic practices.
Objective:To assess the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis by seroprevalence of Toxoplasma (T.) gondii among people attending the referral eye center in Southwest Nigeria, and to identify associated risk factors and socio-economic determinants related to ocular toxoplasmosis.
Methods:A systematic questionnaire was used and blood samples of 3 mL each were taken. Serological tests of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were performed using the ELISA kit. Eye examinations were performed.
Results:T. gondii antibodies were detected in 52.6% of the tested patients. A total of 409 respondents were surveyed. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis increased with age which was statistically significant (P=0.001). The highest prevalence was found in farmers (69.2%, P=0.011). The overall prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis within the study area was 1.7%.
Conclusions:The high seroprevalence recorded in this study is suggestive of the endemic nature of the disease. Awareness among the populace about Toxoplasma infection is imperative in understanding the epidemiology of the infection.
Objective:To analyze mortality trends among Indian Medical Association (IMA) member doctors in India from 2018 to 2023 and to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods:This was a cross-sectional study based on secondary data analysis of the doctors’ mortality reported to and published by the IMA as a part of their National Social Security Scheme. Yearly membership details and death records of the member doctors from 2018 to 2023 were accessed from the published annual reports of IMA-National Social Security Scheme and analyzed.
Results:The number of deaths reported annually among IMA member doctors increased from 896 out of a total population of 15862 in 2018 to 1579 out of 16253 in 2023. The calculated death rate among member doctors was 56.5 per 1000 in 2018 and 97.1 per 1000 in 2023. The mean age at death among doctors during the COVID period (64.9±9.0) was significantly lower than that during pre-COVID (67.3±11.1) and post-COVID (66.1±8.5) periods.
Conclusions:This study shows a rising number of deaths and death rate among member doctors of IMA from 2018 to 2023. The average age at death during the study period ranged from 64 to 67 years, with a significant decline of approximately 2.4 years during the COVID-19 period.
Objective:To investigate the trend and epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the North of Khorasan province, Iran from 2014 to 2022.
Methods:This a cross-sectional study collected and analyzed the information of 849 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) through the health center portal from 2014 to 2022. The relationship between sex, number of lesions, and lesion shape was investigated.
Results:Totally 849 participants were included and their mean age was 23.0 ± 20.2 years. The most common parasite species found was Leishmania major (n=714, 84.1%). The number of CL in Esfarayen County increased from 2014 (n=83) to 2022 (n=147) and was more prevalent in men than in women. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the number and shape of lesions between men and women.
Conclusions:As leishmania major is the predominant type in Esfarayen County of Iran and the number of cases is increasing, it is important to control the reservoir and disease vector in this area. Therefore, a more comprehensive surveillance is suggested.