Aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene: mechanisms, applications, and challenges in pest management

Abstract

Aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-β-farnesene (EβF), is a key chemical signal responding to predation threats, inducing alarm, escape, and wing differentiation in conspecifics. Beyond facilitating intraspecific communication, EβF also modulates interactions with natural enemies, playing a crucial role in defense. This review explores the chemical composition, biosynthesis pathways, release dynamics, and molecular perception mechanisms of EβF. Furthermore, we discuss its potential applications in pest management, including transgenic traits, slow-release formulations, and synergistic deployment with plant-derived enhancers (e.g., methyl salicylate). However, the incorporation of EβF into integrated pest management encounters several challenges, such as high volatility, environmental instability, and aphid adaptability. Future research should focus on optimizing slow-release technologies, developing multifunctional EβF analogs, integrating gene editing and precision release strategies, and adopting interdisciplinary approaches to improve EβF stability and efficacy.

Keywords

aphid alarm pheromone / application technologies / chemical composition / cost-effectiveness / release dynamics

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