Influence of porous structures on the degradation behavior of additively manufactured magnesium and magnesium alloy orthopedic implants

Abstract

The escalating incidence of bone defects has prompted a substantial demand for orthopedic implants, and additively manufactured biodegradable porous magnesium and magnesium alloy orthopedic implants have demonstrated significant potential for clinical applications. However, the mismatch between degradation-induced changes in mechanical properties and tissue regeneration remains a major challenge hindering their applications. As porous structure is a critical factor influencing the degradation behavior of magnesium/magnesium alloy orthopedic implants, this study aims to comprehensively review the current state of research in this area. The degradation behavior of magnesium/magnesium alloy orthopedic implants has been investigated using both experimental and numerical simulation methods. Degradation experiments have enabled direct observations of the influences of structures on degradation behavior and underlying mechanisms. Numerical simulations have been employed to analyze the stress and strain distributions within the structure during degradation and surrounding tissue regeneration, facilitating the investigation of the “structure-stress-tissue regeneration” regulation on degradation. Porous structures play critical roles in regulating mechanical properties, bearing physiological loads, and establishing a localized mechanical microenvironment of magnesium/magnesium alloy orthopedic implants. Design variables, including porosity, specific surface area, pore size, shape, and interconnectivity, influence the macroscopic mechanical properties, structural deformation, stress distribution, and contact with surrounding tissues, thereby regulating degradation behavior and tissue regeneration of implants. However, models that quantitatively describe the “porous structural variables-degradation-tissue regeneration” interaction remain to be developed. This study systematically summarizes the influences of porous structures on the degradation behavior of additively manufactured magnesium/ magnesium alloy orthopedic implants and the “structure-mechanics-degradation-biology” interaction mechanisms. This review provides a systematic understanding of the state-of-the-art research and future directions to guide the development and applications of orthopedic implants.

Keywords

Magnesium alloy / Porous orthopedic implants / Microstructures / Degradation behavior / Tissue regeneration

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12425209, 12402351, 12332019, 12172043), the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. L241067), and the Research Funding of Hangzhou International Innovation Institute of Beihang University (No. 2024KQ108).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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