Complications of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery

Abstract

Laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery has widely been adopted over the past decade. With technical advances, data have shown equivalent outcomes with open surgery. In this paper, we discuss the potential complications of laparoscopic anterior resection, the need for early recognition and prompt management.

Keywords

Rectal cancer / postoperative complications / laparoscopic anterior resection

References

[1] Guillou PJ,Thorpe H,Jayne DG.Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial..Lancet2005;365:1718-26

[2] Laurent C,Bretagnol F,Rullier E.Long-term wound advantages of the laparoscopic approach in rectal cancer..Br J Surg2008;95:903-8

[3] Asoglu O,Kunduz E,Akyuz A.Laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: outcomes in 513 patients..World J Surg2013;37:883-92

[4] Son GM,Lee JC,Cho HM.Multidimensional analysis of the learning curve for laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery..J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2010;20:609-17

[5] Shearer R,Aly OE.Have early postoperative complications from laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery improved over the past 20 years?.Color Dis2013;15:1211-26

[6] Mirnezami A,Chandrakumaran K,Sagar P.Increased local recurrence and reduced survival from colorectal cancer following anastomotic leak: systematic review and meta-analysis..Ann Surg2011;253:890-9

[7] Park EJ,Kang J,Min BS.The impact of postoperative complications on long-term oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer..Medicine (Baltimore)2016;95:e3271 PMCID:PMC4998800

[8] Cuccurullo D,Sciuto A,La Barbera C.Relaparoscopy for management of postoperative complications following colorectal surgery: ten years experience in a single center..Surg Endosc2015;29:1795-803

[9] Dindo D,Clavien PA.Classification of surgical complications; a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey..Ann Surg2004;240:205-13 PMCID:PMC1360123

[10] Bruce J,Mollison J.The measurement and monitoring of surgical adverse events..Health Technol Assess2001;5:1-194

[11] Biondo S,Fraccalvieri D,Codina-Cazador A.Risk factors for surgical site infection after elective resection for rectal cancer. A multivariate analysis on 2131 patients..Color Dis2012;14:e95-102

[12] Noorani A,Walsh SR.Systematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in clean-contaminated surgery..Br J Surg2010;97:1614-20

[13] Privitera GP,Brusaferro S,Crosasso P.Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus iodine for the prevention of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis..Am J Infect Control2017;45:180-9

[14] Paun BC,MacLean AR,Buie WD.Postoperative complications following surgery for rectal cancer..Ann Surg2010;251:807-18

[15] Denost Q,Faucheron JL,Meunier B.To drain or not to drain infraperitoneal anastomosis after rectal excision for cancer: the GRECCAR 5 randomized trial..Ann Surg2017;265:474-80

[16] Pera M,García-Valdecasas JC,Castells A.The management of leaking rectal anastomoses by minimally invasive techniques..Surg Endosc2002;16:603-6

[17] McDermott FD,Kelly ME,Carlson GL.Systematic review of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for colorectal anastomotic leaks..Br J Surg2015;102:462-79

[18] Dulucq JL,Stabilini C.Laparoscopic rectal resection with anal sphincter preservation for rectal cancer: long-term outcome..Surg Endosc2005;19:1468-74

[19] Jestin P,Gunnarsson U.Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery: a case-control study..Colorectal Dis2008;10:715-21

[20] Sebag-Montefiore D,Steele R,Grieve R.Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial..Lancet2009;373:811-20 PMCID:PMC2668947

[21] Ji WB,Kwak JM,Baek SJ.Mechanical bowel preparation does not affect clinical severity of anastomotic leakage in rectal cancer surgery..World J Surg2016;41:1366-74

[22] Hüser N,Erkan M,Rosenberg R.Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of defunctioning stoma in low rectal cancer surgery..Ann Surg2008;248:52-60

[23] Wu SW,Yang Y.Role of protective stoma in low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis..World J Gastroenterol2014;21:18031-7 PMCID:PMC4273155

[24] Karliczek A,Matos D,Atallah AN.Drainage or nondrainage in elective colorectal anastomosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis..Color Dis2006;8:259-65

[25] Kudszus S,Schachtrupp A.Intraoperative laser fluorescence angiography in colorectal surgery: a noninvasive analysis to reduce the rate of anastomotic leakage..Langenbecks Arch Surg2010;395:1025-30

[26] Singh PP,Srinivasa S,Connolly AB.Systematic review and meta-analysis of use of serum C-reactive protein levels to predict anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery..Br J Surg2014;101:339-46

[27] Kaur P,Roy-Choudhury S.Accuracy of multidetector CT in detecting anastomotic leaks following stapled left-sided colonic anastomosis..Clin Radiol2014;69:59-62

[28] Chen WT,Ke TW,Huang YC.Combined repeat laparoscopy and transanal endolumenal repair (hybrid approach) in the early management of postoperative colorectal anastomotic leaks: technique and outcomes..Surg Endosc2018;32:4472-80

[29] Vennix S,Prins HA.Re-interventions following laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: data from 818 individuals from the Dutch surgical colorectal audit..J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2014;24:751-6

[30] Wright DB,Solomon MJ.Systematic review of the feasibility of laparoscopic reoperation for early postoperative complications following colorectal surgery..Br J Surg2017;104:337-46

[31] Riss S,Meier M,Grünberger T.Endo-sponge assisted treatment of anastomotic leakage following colorectal surgery..Colorectal Dis2010;12:e104-8

[32] Bonello VA,Fitzgerald JE,Tekkis P.Intraoperative bleeding and haemostasis during pelvic surgery for locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer: a prospective evaluation..Tech Coloproctol2014;18:887-93

[33] Celentano V,Vowden P.Surgical management of presacral bleeding..Ann R Coll Surg Engl2014;96:261-5 PMCID:PMC4574406

[34] Jiang J,Wang Y,Jin Z.Circular suture ligation of presacral venous plexus to control presacral venous bleeding during rectal mobilization..J Gastrointest Surg2013;17:416-20 PMCID:PMC3546295

[35] McGory ML,Sekeris E.The Significance of Inadvertent Splenectomy During Colorectal Cancer Resection..Arch Surg2007;142:668-74

[36] Di Sabatino A,Corazza GR.Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states..Lancet2011;378:86-97

[37] Ma JJ,Lu AG,Feng B.Endoscopic management for the assessment and treatment of anastomotic bleeding in laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer..Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech2014;24:465-9

[38] Martínez-Serrano MA,Pera M,Courtier R.Management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding after colorectal resection and stapled anastomosis..Tech Coloproctol2009;13:49-53

[39] Zhu QL,Lu AG,Hu WG.Laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma: complications and management in 132 consecutive patients..World J Gastroenterol2010;16:4605-10 PMCID:PMC2945495

[40] Burks FN.Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury..Ther Adv Urol2014;6:115-24 PMCID:PMC4003841

[41] Gomez RG,Coburn M,Dixon CM.Consensus statement on bladder injuries..BJU Int2004;94:27-32

[42] Delaney C, Kehlet H, Senagore AJ, Bauer AJ, Beart R, et al. Postoperative ileus: profiles, risk factors and definitions. A framework for optimizing surgical outcomes in patients undergoing major abdominal and colorectal surgery. Available from: https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/968180. [Last accessed on 5 Dec 2018]

[43] Augestad KM.Postoperative ileus: impact of pharmacological treatment, laparoscopic surgery and enhanced recovery pathways..World J Gastroenterol2010;16:2067-74 PMCID:PMC2864831

[44] Boelens PG,Luyer MD,de Hingh IH.Reduction of postoperative ileus by early enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major rectal surgery: prospective, randomized, controlled trial..Ann Surg2014;259:649-55

[45] Kim CH,Kim HR.The incidence and risk of early postoperative small bowel obstruction after laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer..J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A2014;24:543-9

[46] Mandalà M,Roila F.Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines..Ann Oncol2011;22:vi85-92

[47] Anderin K,Thorell A.The effect of diverting stoma on long-term morbidity and risk for permanent stoma after low anterior resection for rectal cancer..Eur J Surg Oncol2016;42:788-93

[48] Winter DC,Kell MR,Redmond HP.Perioperative topical nitrate and sphincter function in patients undergoing transanal stapled anastomosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial..Dis Colon Rectum2004;47:697-703

[49] Mege D,Vitton V,Bridoux V.Sacral nerve stimulation can alleviate symptoms of bowel dysfunction after colorectal resections..Color Dis2017;19:756-63

[50] Emmertsen KJ.Low anterior resection syndrome score: development and validation of a symptom-based scoring system for bowel dysfunction after low anterior resection for rectal cancer..Ann Surg2012;255:922-8

[51] JJimenez-Gomez LM,Marti-Gallostra M,Vallribera-Valls F.Low anterior resection syndrome: a survey of the members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the Spanish Association of Surgeons (AEC), and the Spanish Society of Coloproctology (AECP)..Int J Colorectal Dis2016;31:813-23

[52] Kupsch J,Matzel KE,Schreiber A.Outcome of bowel function following anterior resection for rectal cancer-an analysis using the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score..Int J Colorectal Dis2018;33:787-98

[53] de Miguel M,Ciga MA,Marzo J.Sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence following low anterior resection for rectal cancer..Colorectal Dis2011;13:72-7

[54] Samia H,Nobel T,Champagne BJ.Extraction site location and incisional hernias after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: should we be avoiding the midline?.Am J Surg2013;205:264-7

[55] DeSouza A,Park J,Prasad L.Incisional hernia, midline versus low transverse incision: what is the ideal incision for specimen extraction and hand-assisted laparoscopy?.Surg Endosc2011;25:1031-6

[56] Tan WS,Ho KS,Lai JS.Short and long-term outcomes of a randomised controlled trial of vertical periumbilical wound versus transverse left iliac fossa wound for specimen retrieval in laparoscopic anterior resections..Surg Endosc2015;29:2720-7

[57] García-Ureña MÁ,Hernando LA,Valle de Lersundi AR.Randomized controlled trial of the use of a large-pore polypropylene mesh to prevent incisional hernia in colorectal surgery..Ann Surg2015;261:876-81

[58] Watanabe J,Kawaguchi D,Kaida S.Incidence and risk factors for rectovaginal fistula after low anterior resection for rectal cancer..Int J Colorectal Dis2015;30:1659-66

[59] Sugarbaker PH.Rectovaginal fistula following low circular stapled anastomosis in women with rectal cancer..J Surg Oncol1996;61:155-8

[60] Vogel JD,Morris AM,Saclarides TJ.Clinical practice guideline for the management of anorectal abscess, fistula-in-ano, and rectovaginal fistula..Dis Colon Rectum2016;59:1117-33

[61] Corte H,Treton X,Ferron M.Rectovaginal fistula: what is the optimal strategy? An analysis of 79 patients undergoing 286 procedures..Ann Surg2015;262:855-60

[62] Duran E,Ersoz N,Ozerhan IH.Urinary and sexual dysfunction rates and risk factors following rectal cancer surgery..Int J Colorectal Dis2015;30:1547-55

[63] Celentano V,Warusavitarne J,Chand M.Sexual dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery..Int J Colorectal Dis2017;32:1523-30

[64] Shabbir J.Stoma complications: a literature overview..Color Dis2010;12:958-64

[65] Carne PW,Frizelle FA.Parastomal hernia..Br J Surg2003;90:784-93

[66] Hotouras A,Thaha M.The persistent challenge of parastomal herniation: a review of the literature and future developments..Colorectal Dis2013;15:e202-14

[67] WHO. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Fourth edition. Available from: http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=70&codcch=4003. [Last accessed on 5 Dec 2018]

[68] DeAsis FJ,Gitelis ME.Current state of laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair: a meta-analysis..World J Gastroenterol2015;21:8670-7 PMCID:PMC4515848

[69] Al Shakarchi J.Systematic review of open techniques for parastomal hernia repair..Tech Coloproctol2014;18:427-32

[70] Hansson BM,Mussack T,Muysoms FE.The laparoscopic modified Sugarbaker technique is safe and has a low recurrence rate: a multicenter cohort study..Surg Endosc2013;27:494-500 PMCID:PMC3580038

[71] Hansson BM,de Hingh IH.Laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair using a keyhole technique results in a high recurrence rate..Surg Endosc2009;23:1456-9

[72] Berger D.Polyvinylidene fluoride: a suitable mesh material for laparoscopic incisional and parastomal hernia repair! A prospective, observational study with 344 patients..Hernia2009;13:167-72

[73] Serra-Aracil X,Moreno-Matias J,Mora-Lopez L.Randomized, controlled, prospective trial of the use of mesh to prevent parastomal hernia..Ann Surg2009;249:583-7

[74] Cross AJ,Frizelle FA.Meta-analysis of prophylactic mesh to prevent parastomal hernia..Br J Surg2017;104:179-86

[75] Burch J.Complications of stomas: their aetiology and management..Br J Community Nurs2017;22:380-3