State of the Art in Wave Energy Conversion Technologies in China

Abstract

This paper reviews the advancements in wave energy converter technologies in China, covering device design, performance evaluation, and system control techniques. It highlights power control technologies in wave energy conversion, including adaptive control, model predictive control, clutch control, clamp control, resistive load control, approximate optimal speed control, nonlinear control, and intelligent control methods. Through an analysis of these technologies, the study outlines the future directions and challenges in wave energy development in China, while also proposing potential pathways for optimizing the performance of wave energy conversion devices.

Keywords

Wave energy / Wave energy conversion system / Power control / Development tendency

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.Z. and W.P.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, B.Z. and Y.L.; Writing—Review & Editing, W.P.

Ethics Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

Funding

The research was funded by National Key Research and Development Project (2024YFB4207000). Authors acknowledge and express their gratitude to the reviewers of this paper for their valuable and constructive comments that helped to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

References

[1] Windt C, Davidson J, Ringwood JV. High-fidelity numerical modelling of ocean wave energy systems: A review of computational fluid dynamics-based numerical wave tanks. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 93, 610-630. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.020.

[2] Vicinanza D, Di Lauro E, Contestabile P, Gisonni C, Lara JL, Losada IJ. Review of innovative harbor breakwaters for wave-energy conversion. J.Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean. Eng. 2019, 145, 03119001. doi:10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000519.

[3] Cruz J. Ocean Wave Energy:Current Status and Future Perspectives, 1st ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2008.

[4] Lu Q, Shi H-d. Progress and future trend of wave energy technology in China. Coast. Eng. 2022, 41, 1-12. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-3682.2022.01.001.

[5] Li W, Shi H, Liu Z, Han Z, Cao F, Yu T, et al. Research progress of ocean energy in China and its development proposals. Sol. Energy 2024, 7, 79-88. doi:10.19911/j.1003-0417.tyn20240603.01.(InChinese)

[6] Shi H, Liu Z. Research status and development tendency of ocean wave energy. Sci. Tech. Rev. 2021, 39, 22-28. doi:10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.06.002.

[7] Sun B, Zhang H, Li C, Li Z. Research progress and prospect of wave attenuation performance and integration of wave-energy converter of floating breakwater. J. Environ. Eng. 2023, 149, 03123001. doi:10.1061/joeedu.Eeeng-7118.

[8] Shadmani A, Nikoo MR, Gandomi AH, Wang R-Q, Golparvar B. A review of machine learning and deep learning applications in wave energy forecasting and WEC optimization. Energy Strategy Rev. 2023, 49, 101180. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2023.101180.

[9] Wu SP, Liu CY, Chen XP. Offshore wave energy resource assessment in the East China Sea. Renew. Energy 2015, 76, 628-636. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.054.

[10] Zhang D, Li W, Lin Y, Bao J. An overview of hydraulic systems in wave energy application in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 4522-4526. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.005.

[11] Zhang DH, Li W, Lin YG. Wave energy in China: Current status and perspectives. Renew. Energy 2009, 34, 2089-2092. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.014.

[12] Qiu S, Liu K, Wang D, Ye J, Liang F. A comprehensive review of ocean wave energy research and development in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 113, 109271. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109271.

[13] Zhang J, Yu H, Chen M. Direct-Drive wave energy conversion with linear generator: A review of research status and challenges. IET Renew. Power Gener. 2022, 17, 1020-1034. doi:10.1049/rpg2.12637.

[14] Yang B, Wu S, Zhang H, Liu B, Shu H, Shan J, et al. Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 167, 112668. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112668.

[15] Ru B. Research on combined power generation of wave energy and wind energy. In Proceedings of 2024 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering, New Energy and Chemistry (MENEC 2024), Beijing, China, 20-22 September 2024;p. 01002.

[16] Wang L, Isberg J, Tedeschi E. Review of control strategies for wave energy conversion systems and their validation: The wave-to-wire approach. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 81, 366-379. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.074.

[17] Cheng Y, Fu L, Dai SS, Collu M, Cui L, Yuan ZM, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of a hybrid WEC-breakwater system combining an oscillating water column and an oscillating buoy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 169, 112909. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112909.

[18] Li M, Luo H, Zhou S, Kumar GMS, Guo X, Law TC, et al. State-of-the-art review of the flexibility and feasibility of emerging offshore and coastal ocean energy technologies in East and Southeast Asia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 162, 112404. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112404.

[19] You YG, Sheng SW, Wu BJ, He YQ. Wave energy technology in China. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2012, 370, 472-480. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0154.

[20] You YG, Zheng YH, Shen YM, Wu BJ, Liu R. Wave energy study in China: Advancements and perspectives. China Ocean Eng. 2003, 17, 101-109. doi:10.3321/j.issn:0890-5487.2003.01.010.

[21] Wu B, Li M, Wu R, Chen T, Zhang Y, Ye Y. BBDB wave energy conversion technology and perspective in China. Ocean Eng. 2018, 169, 281-291. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.037.

[22] Shehata AS, Xiao Q, Saqr KM, Alexander D. Wells turbine for wave energy conversion: a review. Int. J. Energy Res. 2017, 41, 6-38.

[23] Chen T, Wu B. A new frequency domain method to solve the potential flow problem. Ocean Eng. 2024, 312, 119077. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119077.

[24] Cui L, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Miles J, Iglesias G. Wave power extraction from a hybrid oscillating water column-oscillating buoy wave energy converter. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 135, 110234. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110234.

[25] Liu S, Yang Y, Guo X, Zhou Y, Ning D. Wave energy capturing of an offshore stationary platform equipped with three oscillating wave column devices. Ocean Eng. 2023, 290, 116320. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116320.

[26] Wang C, Xu H, Zhang Y, Chen W. Power capture analysis of a five-unit oscillating water column array integrated into a breakwater in terms of flow field visualization. Energy Convers. Manag. 2023, 293, 117449. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117449.

[27] Cheng Y, Song F, Fu L, Dai S, Yuan Z, Incecik A. Experimental investigation of a dual-pontoon WEC-type breakwater with a hydraulic-pneumatic complementary power take-off system. Energy 2024, 286, 129427. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129427.

[28] Cheng Y, Du W, Dai S, Yuan Z, Incecik A. Wave energy conversion by an array of oscillating water columns deployed along a long-flexible floating breakwater. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2024, 192, 114206. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.114206.

[29] Xu C, Ding L, Sun Y, Liu Z. Hydrodynamic performance of an oscillating water column device installed in an offshore wind turbine. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13, 169. doi:10.3390/jmse13010169.

[30] Rao X, Wu B, Liu P, Zhang F. Experimental research on a novel OWC with two chambers separated by a buoyancy module. Ocean Eng. 2024, 307, 118106. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118106.

[31] Zhang Y, Lin Z, Liu Q. Marine renewable energy in China: Current status and perspectives. Water Sci. Eng. 2014, 7, 288-305. doi:10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2014.03.005

[32] Chen W, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Huang L. Hydrodynamic performance of a three-unit heave wave energy converter array under different arrangement. Renew. Energy 2024, 221, 119808. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119808.

[33] Wang C, Zhang Y, Xu H, Guo P, Yang H. Enhancing wave power focus with periodic wave-guiding walls in a three-unit oscillating water column array integrated with a vertical breakwater. Appl. Energy 2025, 380, 125084. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125084.

[34] Wang C, Ma T, Zhang Y. Semi-analytical study on an integrated-system with separated heaving OWC and breakwater: Structure size optimization and gap resonance utilization. Ocean Eng. 2022, 245, 110319. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110319.

[35] Wang C, Zhang Y, Deng Z. Hydrodynamic performance of a heaving oscillating water column device restrained by a spring-damper system. Renew. Energy 2022, 187, 331-346. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.01.035.

[36] Guo P, Zhang Y, Chen W, Wang C. Fully coupled simulation of dynamic characteristics of a backward bent duct buoy oscillating water column wave energy converter. Energy 2024, 294, 130870. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.130870.

[37] Wang C, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chen W. Wave power extraction from an integrated system composed of a three-unit oscillating water column array and an inclined breakwater. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2024, 202, 114645. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.114645.

[38] Xu H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yang H. Numerical study on aerodynamic and hydrodynamic load characteristics of a floating pneumatic wave energy converter under real sea conditions. Energy 2025, 314, 134153. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.134153.

[39] Mahnamfar F, Altunkaynak A. Comparison of numerical and experimental analyses for optimizing the geometry of OWC systems. Ocean Eng. 2017, 130, 10-24. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.11.054.

[40] David DR, Vallam S, Annamalaisamy SS. Effect of Harbor Walls on the Efficiency of an Oscillating Water Column. J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng. 2018, 144, 04017043. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000429.

[41] Parra Quintero JD, Rubio-Clemente A, Chica E. Performance of Resonant Chambers in Oscillating Water Column Devices. Renew. Energy Power Qual. J. 2023, 21, 668-671. doi:10.24084/repqj21.446.

[42] Bouhrim H, El Marjani A. Effects of turbine damping and wave conditions on OWC performances for optimal wave energy conversion. J. Ocean. Eng. Mar. Energy 2023, 9, 697-713. doi:10.1007/s40722-023-00293-y.

[43] Vicinanza D, Margheritini L, Kofoed JP, Buccino M. The SSG wave energy converter: Performance, status and recent developments. Energies 2012, 5, 193-226.

[44] Cavallaro L, Iuppa C, Castiglione F, Musumeci RE, Foti E. A Simple Model to Assess the Performance of an Overtopping Wave Energy Converter Embedded in a Port Breakwater. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 858.

[45] Ma S, Pan X, Liang B. 2D Numerical simulation of layered slope-type overtopping wave energy generation device. Acta Energ. Sol. Sin. 2017, 38, 2904-2908. doi:10.19912/j.0254-0096.2017.10.040.

[46] Liu D, Liu Z, Zhang G. 3D Numerical simulation of the overtopping performance of circular ramp wave energy converter. Coast. Eng. 2020, 39, 237-245. doi:10.3969/J.ISSN1002-3682.2020.04.001.

[47] He F, Liu Y, Pan J, Ye X, Jiao P. Advanced ocean wave energy harvesting: current progress and future trends. J. Zhejiang Uni.-SCI. A (Appl. Phys. Eng.) 2023, 24, 91-109. doi:10.1631/jzus.A2200598.

[48] Wang Z, Lv C, Sheng S, Chen M, Yang X, Wang W. Impact of steep seabed terrains on oscillating buoy-wave energy-converter performance. Energies 2024, 17, 4280. doi:10.3390/en17174280.

[49] Ning D, Ding B. Modelling and Optimization of Wave Energy Converters, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2022.

[50] Zhang J, Wang L, Ren H. A review of oscillating buoy devices in wave energy power generation. In Proceedings of the International Hydropower Development Conference 2024, Beijing, China, 29-31 October 2024; pp. 567-578.

[51] Chen G, Kuang R, Li W, Cui K, Fu D, Yang Z, et al. Numerical study on efficiency and robustness of wave energy converter-power take-off system for compressed air energy storage. Renew. Energy 2024, 232, 121080. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2024.121080.

[52] Yang S, He H, Chen H, Wang Y, Li H, Zheng S. Experimental study on the performance of a floating array-point-raft wave energy converter under random wave conditions. Renew. Energy 2019, 139, 538-550. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.093.

[53] Yang SH, Wang YQ, He HZ, Zhang J, Chen H. Dynamic properties and energy conversion efficiency of a floating multi-body wave energy converter. China Ocean Eng. 2018, 32, 347-357. doi:10.1007/s13344-018-0036-7.

[54] Yang SH, He GY, Zhang HR. Design and development of wave energy-wind energy hybrid power generation system. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2014, 535, 17-21. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.535.17.

[55] Sun P, He H, Chen H, Zhang J, Li H. Sensitivity analysis of geometric characteristics on the cavity-buoy for energy capture efficiency enhancement of a semi-submersible floating-array-buoy wave energy converter system. Ocean Eng. 2024, 294, 116735. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116735.

[56] Chen Z, Zhou B, Zhang L, Li C, Zang J, Zheng X, et al. Experimental and numerical study on a novel dual-resonance wave energy converter with a built-in power take-off system. Energy 2018, 165, 1008-1020. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.094.

[57] Yuan Z, Zhang L, Zhou B, Jin P, Zheng X. Analysis of the hydrodynamic performance of an oyster wave energy converter using Star-CCM+. J. Mar. Sci. Appl. 2019, 18, 153-159. doi:10.1007/s11804-019-00076-8.

[58] Zheng X, Chen G, Cao W, Xu H, Zhao R, Xu Q, et al. On the energy conversion characteristics of a top-mounted pitching absorber by using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Energy Convers. Manag. 2021, 250, 114893. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114893.

[59] Liu HX, Zhang WC, Zheng XB, Zhang L, Zhang XW, Cui L. Wave energy conversion by cylinder array with a floating platform considering linear/nonlinear PTO damping. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 2017, 22, 747-757. doi:10.1007/s00773-017-0441-2.

[60] Zheng X-b, Ma Y, Zhang L, Jiang J, Liu H-x. Experimental investigation on the hydrodynamic performance of a wave energy converter. China Ocean Eng. 2017, 31, 370-377. doi:10.1007/s13344-017-0058-6.

[61] Madhi F, Sinclair ME, Yeung RW. The “Berkeley Wedge”: An asymmetrical energy-capturing floating breakwater of high performance. Mar. Syst. Ocean Tech. 2014, 9, 5-16. doi:10.1007/BF03449282.

[62] Yeung RW, Peiffer A, Tom N, Matlak T. Design, analysis, and evaluation of the UC-Berkeley wave-energy extractor. J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2012, 134, 021902. doi:10.1115/1.4004518.

[63] Reabroy R, Zheng X, Zhang L, Zang J, Yuan Z, Liu M, et al. Hydrodynamic response and power efficiency analysis of heaving wave energy converter integrated with breakwater. Energy Convers. Manag. 2019, 195, 1174-1186. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.088.

[64] Zheng X, Ji M, Jing F, Lu Y, Zheng W, Zhou S, et al. Sea trial test on offshore integration of an oscillating buoy wave energy device and floating breakwater. Energy Convers. Manag. 2022, 256, 115375. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115375.

[65] Li D, Sharma S, Borthwick AGL, Huang H, Dong X, Li Y, et al. Experimental study of a floating two-body wave energy converter. Renew. Energy 2023, 218, 119351. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119351.

[66] Zhou X, Zhang H, Jin H, Liu C, Xu D. Numerical and experimental investigation of a hinged wave energy converter with negative stiffness mechanism. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 2023, 245, 108103. doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108103.

[67] Shadmani A, Nikoo MR, Al-Raoush RI, Alamdari N, Gandomi AH. The optimal configuration of wave energy conversions respective to the nearshore wave energy potential. Energies 2022, 15, 7734. doi:10.3390/en15207734.

[68] Vervaet T, Stratigaki V, De Backer B, Stockman K, Vantorre M, Troch P. Experimental modelling of point-absorber wave energy converter arrays: A comprehensive review, Identification of research gaps and design of the wec farm setup. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1062. doi:10.3390/jmse10081062.

[69] Shi W, Yan CJ, Ren ZR, Yuan ZM, Liu YY, Zheng SM, et al. Review on the development of marine floating photovoltaic systems. Ocean Eng. 2023, 286, 115560. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115560.

[70] Zhou B, Huang X, Lin C, Zhang H, Peng J, Nie Z, et al. Experimental study of a WEC array-floating breakwater hybrid system in multiple-degree-of-freedom motion. Appl. Energy 2024, 371, 123694. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123694.

[71] He M, Liang D, Ren B, Li J, Shao S. Wave interactions with multi-float structures: SPH model, experimental validation, and parametric study. Coast. Eng. 2023, 184, 104333. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2023.104333.

[72] Cheng Y, Dai S, Dai S, Ji C, Collu M, Yuan Z, et al. Energy conversion and hydrodynamic analysis of multi-degree-of-freedom wave energy converters integrated into a semi-submersible platform. Energy Convers. Manag. 2022, 252, 115075. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.115075.

[73] Cong P, Teng B, Liu Y, Ning D. A numerical approach for hydrodynamic performance evaluation of multi-degree-of-freedom floating oscillating water column (OWC) devices. J. Fluids Struct. 2022, 114, 103730. doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2022.103730.

[74] Zhang B, Zhang H, Yang S, Chen S, Bai X, Khan A. Predictive control for a wave-energy converter array based on an interconnected model. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 10081033. doi:10.3390/jmse10081033.

[75] Li X, Xiao Q, Zhou Y, Ning D, Incecik A, Nicoll R, et al. Coupled CFD-MBD numerical modeling of a mechanically coupled WEC array. Ocean Eng. 2022, 256, 111541. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111541.

[76] Cheng Y, Xi C, Dai S, Ji C, Cocard M. Wave energy extraction for an array of dual-oscillating wave surge converter with different layouts. Appl. Energy 2021, 292, 116899. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116899.

[77] Yang B, Duan J, Li M, Liu B, Cao P, He P, et al. Optimal placement of hybrid solar-wind-wave systems for maximum energy harvesting via chaotic artificial rabbits algorithm. Energy Convers. Manag. 2024, 322, 119143. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119143.

[78] Ji R, Sheng Q, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang L. Array characteristics of oscillating-buoy two-floating-body wave-energy converter. J. Mar. Sci. Appl. 2019, 18, 325-333. doi:10.1007/s11804-019-00079-5.

[79] Shi W, Li J, Michailides C, Chen M, Wang S, Li X. Dynamic load effects and power performance of an integrated wind-wave energy system utilizing an optimum torus wave energy converter. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1985. doi:10.3390/jmse10121985.

[80] Manshadi MD, Mousavi M, Soltani M, Mosavi A, Kovacs L. Deep learning for modeling an offshore hybrid wind-wave energy system. Energies 2022, 15, 9484. doi:10.3390/en15249484.

[81] Cheng Y, Xi C, Dai S, Ji C, Cocard M, Yuan Z, et al. Performance characteristics and parametric analysis of a novel multi-purpose platform combining a moonpool-type floating breakwater and an array of wave energy converters. Appl. Energy 2021, 292, 116888. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116888.

[82] Ren NX, Ma Z, Fan TH, Zhai GJ, Ou JP. Experimental and numerical study of hydrodynamic responses of a new combined monopile wind turbine and a heave-type wave energy converter under typical operational conditions. Ocean Eng. 2018, 159, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.03.090.

[83] Darwish A, Aggidis GA. A review on power electronic topologies and control for wave energy converters. Energies 2022, 15, 9174. doi:10.3390/en15239174.

[84] Howey B, Collins KM, Hann M, Iglesias G, Gomes RPF, Henriques JCC, et al. Compact floating wave energy converter arrays: Inter-device mooring connectivity and performance. Appl. Ocean Res. 2021, 115, 102820. doi:10.1016/j.apor.2021.102820.

[85] Gomes RPF, Gato LMC, Henriques JCC, Portillo JCC, Howey BD, Collins KM, et al. Compact floating wave energy converters arrays: Mooring loads and survivability through scale physical modelling. Appl. Energy 2020, 280, 115982. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115982.

[86] Vervaet T, Stratigaki V, Ferri F, De Beule L, Claerbout H, De Witte B, et al. Experimental Modelling of an Isolated WECfarm Real-Time Controllable Heaving Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1480. doi:10.3390/jmse10101480.

[87] Giassi M, Goteman M. Layout design of wave energy parks by a genetic algorithm. Ocean Eng. 2018, 154, 252-261. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.096.

[88] Devolder B, Stratigaki V, Troch P, Rauwoens P. CFD simulations of floating point absorber wave energy converter arrays subjected to regular waves. Energies 2018, 11, 641. doi:10.3390/en11030641.

[89] Chen H, Medina TA, Cercos-Pita JL. CFD simulation of multiple moored floating structures using OpenFOAM: An open-access mooring restraints library. Ocean Eng. 2024, 303, 117697. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117697.

[90] Jin H, Zhang H, Xu D. Array buoys with nonlinear stiffness enhance low-frequency wave attenuation and energy capture. Phys. Fluids 2022, 34, 127106. doi:10.1063/5.0123247.

[91] Zhou Y, Chen L, Zhao J, Liu X, Ye X, Wang F, et al. Power and dynamic performance of a floating multi-functional platform: An experimental study. Energy 2023, 285, 129367. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129367.

[92] Da Silva LSP, Sergiienko NY, Cazzolato B, Ding B. Dynamics of hybrid offshore renewable energy platforms: Heaving point absorbers connected to a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine. Renew. Energy 2022, 199, 1424-1439. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.014.

[93] Ustinov DA, Shafhatov ER. Assessment of reliability indicators of combined systems of offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters. Energies 2022, 15, 9630. doi:10.3390/en15249630.

[94] Hu J, Zhou B, Vogel C, Liu P, Willden R, Sun K, et al. Optimal design and performance analysis of a hybrid system combing a floating wind platform and wave energy converters. Appl. Energy 2020, 269, 114998. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114998.

[95] Cheng Z, Wen TR, Ong MC, Wang K. Power performance and dynamic responses of a combined floating vertical axis wind turbine and wave energy converter concept. Energy 2019, 171, 190-204. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.157.

[96] Ruzzo C, Muggiasca S, Malara G, Taruffi F, Belloli M, Collu M, et al. Scaling strategies for multi-purpose floating structures physical modeling: state of art and new perspectives. Appl. Ocean Res. 2021, 108, 102487. doi:10.1016/j.apor.2020.102487.

[97] Perez-Collazo C, Pemberton R, Greaves D, Iglesias G. Monopile-mounted wave energy converter for a hybrid wind-wave system. Energy Convers. Manag. 2019, 199, 111971. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111971.

[98] Howe D, Nader J-R, Macfarlane G. Experimental investigation of multiple Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters integrated in a floating breakwater: Energy extraction performance. Appl. Ocean Res. 2020, 97, 102086. doi:10.1016/j.apor.2020.102086.

[99] Konispoliatis DN, Katsaounis GM, Manolas DI, Soukissian TH, Polyzos S, Mazarakos TP, et al. REFOS: A renewable energy multi-purpose floating offshore system. Energies 2021, 14, 3126. doi:10.3390/en14113126.

[100] Ding J, Yang Y, Yu J, Bashir M, Ma L, Li C, et al. Fully coupled dynamic responses of barge-type integrated floating wind-wave energy systems with different WEC layouts. Ocean Eng. 2024, 313, 119453. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119453.

[101] Si Y, Chen Z, Zeng W, Sun J, Zhang D, Ma X, et al. The influence of power-take-off control on the dynamic response and power output of combined semi-submersible floating wind turbine and point-absorber wave energy converters. Ocean Eng. 2021, 227, 108835. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108835.

[102] Konispoliatis DN, Manolas DI, Voutsinas SG, Mavrakos SA. Coupled dynamic response of an offshore multi-purpose floating structure suitable for wind and wave energy exploitation. Front. Energy Res. 2022, 10, 920151. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.920151.

[103] Lee HH, Wen C-Y, Chen G-F. Study on an oscillating water column wave power converter installed in an offshore jacket foundation for wind-turbine system part II: Experimental test on the converting efficiency. Processes 2022, 10, 418. doi:10.3390/pr10020418.

[104] Kamarlouei M, Hallak TS, Gaspar JF, Soares CG. Evaluation of the stiffness mechanism on the performance of a hinged wave energy converter. J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. Trans. ASME 2022, 144, 052002. doi:10.1115/1.4054791.

[105] Jiang C, Zhang Q, el Moctar O, Xu P, Iseki T, Zhang G. Data-driven modelling of wave-structure interaction for a moored floating structure. Ocean Eng. 2024, 300, 117522. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117522.

[106] Mishra V, Crawford C, Buckham B. Predicting hydrodynamic forces on heave plates using a data-driven modelling architecture. J. Fluids Struct. 2023, 116, 103812. doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2022.103812.

[107] He Z, Ning D, Gou Y, Mayon R. Optimization of a wave energy converter square array based on the differential evolution algorithm. Ocean Eng. 2022, 262, 112189. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112189.

[108] Do NH, Alam M-R. Data-based approach to optimizing the ocean wave energy carpet using deep neural network. In Proceedings of the ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Online, New York, NY, USA, 3-7 August 2020; p. V009T009A027.

[109] Zou S, Zhou X, Khan I, Weaver WW, Rahman S. Optimization of the electricity generation of a wave energy converter using deep reinforcement learning. Ocean Eng. 2022, 244, 110363. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110363.