Transdermal Liposomal Delivery Systems: Advantages, Applications, Challenges, and Prospects

Abstract

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer a noninvasive route for delivering active compounds directly to lesion sites while bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism, thereby reducing systemic side effects and improving patient compliance. As such, TDDS have gained significant attention in disease treatment. However, the stratum corneum presents a major barrier to drug permeation due to its “brick-and-mortar” structure, limiting the effectiveness of transdermal strategies. Developing safe and efficient enhancement methods remains a major challenge. Among various drug delivery platforms, liposomal systems have attracted increasing interest owing to their nanoscale size, biocompatibility, high drug-loading capacity, and ability to protect drugs from enzymatic degradation. These carriers also interact favorably with skin lipids, enhancing drug penetration. Advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of novel liposomal formulations such as ethosomes, transfersomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes, each tailored to address specific therapeutic needs. This review summarizes recent progress in liposome-based TDDS for both skin and systemic diseases, highlighting their mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, and clinical translation potential. Additionally, it explores future directions and ongoing challenges, aiming to provide a reference for advancing liposomal technologies in transdermal drug delivery.

Keywords

liposomal systems / prospects and challenges / skin diseases / systemic diseases / transdermal drug delivery systems

References

[1] T. C. Ezike, U. S. Okpala, U. L. Onoja, et al., “Advances in Drug Delivery Systems, Challenges and Future Directions,” Heliyon 9, no. 6 (2023): e17488.

[2] M. Stielow, A. Witczyńska, N. Kubryń, Ł. Fijałkowski, J. Nowaczyk, and A. Nowaczyk, “The Bioavailability of Drugs—The Current State of Knowledge,” Molecules 28, no. 24 (2023): 8038.

[3] Q. Chen, Z. Yang, H. Liu, et al., “Novel Drug Delivery Systems: An Important Direction for Drug Innovation Research and Development,” Pharmaceutics 16, no. 5 (2024): 674.

[4] S. W. A. Shah, X. Li, H. Yuan, et al., “Innovative Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Benefits, Challenges, and Emerging Application,” BMEMat (2025): e70001.

[5] I. A. Hamzy, A. I. Alqhoson, A. M. Aljarbou, and M. A. Alhajri, “A Comprehensive Overview of Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanisms, Innovations, and Future Directions,” International Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. S1 (2021): 1129–1145.

[6] T. H. Baryakova, B. H. Pogostin, R. Langer, and K. J. McHugh, “Overcoming Barriers to Patient Adherence: The Case for Developing Innovative Drug Delivery Systems,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 22, no. 5 (2023): 387–409.

[7] M. A. Hedaya, “Routes of Drug Administration,” Pharmaceutics (2024): 537–554.

[8] O. Dumitriu Buzia, A. M. Păduraru, C. S. Stefan, et al., “Strategies for Improving Transdermal Administration: New Approaches to Controlled Drug Release,” Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (2023): 1183.

[9] A. Z. Alkilani, J. Nasereddin, R. Hamed, et al., “Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems,” Pharmaceutics 14, no. 6 (2022): 1152.

[10] Z. Li, X. Fang, and D. Yu, “Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and Their Use in Obesity Treatment,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (2021): 12754.

[11] M. Ghaferi, S. E. Alavi, K. Phan, H. Maibach, and Y. Mohammed, “Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS): Recent Advances and Failure Modes,” Molecular Pharmaceutics 21, no. 11 (2024): 5373–5391.

[12] Y.-Q. Yu, X. Yang, X.-F. Wu, and Y.-B. Fan, “Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules Across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (2021): 646554.

[13] N. Akombaetwa, A. B. Ilangala, L. Thom, P. B. Memvanga, B. A. Witika, and A. B. Buya, “Current Advances in Lipid Nanosystems Intended for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Applications,” Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (2023): 656.

[14] R. Pokrowiecki and A. Mielczarek, “Nanomaterials and Human Health: Nano-biomaterials in Dentistry,” Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology (2021): 181–193.

[15] V. Phatale, K. K. Vaiphei, S. Jha, D. Patil, M. Agrawal, and A. Alexander, “Overcoming Skin Barriers Through Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery Approaches,” Journal of Controlled Release 351 (2022): 361–380.

[16] V. Hmingthansanga, N. Singh, S. Banerjee, S. Manickam, R. Velayutham, and S. Natesan, “Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Role of Permeation Enhancers and Advanced Approaches,” Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (2022): 2818.

[17] R. S. Vaseem, A. D'cruz, S. Shetty, et al., “Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Focused Review of the Physical Methods of Permeation Enhancement,” Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 14, no. 1 (2023): 67.

[18] Y. Gao, L. Du, Q. Li, et al., “How Physical Techniques Improve the Transdermal Permeation of Therapeutics: A Review,” Medicine 101, no. 26 (2022): e29314.

[19] Y. S. Sim, L. C. Wong, S. C. Yeoh, A. Almashhadani, B. H. Alrimawi, and C. F. Goh, “Skin Penetration Enhancers: Mechanistic Understanding and Their Selection for Formulation and Design,” Drug Delivery and Translational Research (2025): 1–35.

[20] W. Han, F. Liu, G. Liu, H. Li, Y. Xu, and S. Sun, “Research Progress of Physical Transdermal Enhancement Techniques in Tumor Therapy,” Chemical Communications 59, no. 23 (2023): 3339–3359.

[21] R. Liu, C. Luo, Z. Pang, et al., “Advances of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment,” Chinese Chemical Letters 34, no. 2 (2023): 107518.

[22] G. Nagpal, R. Chaudhary, R. G. Chaudhary, and N. Singh, “Emerging Trends of Nanotechnology in Cosmetics,” Applications of Emerging Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 148 (2023): 127–169.

[23] M.-K. Lee, “Liposomes for Enhanced Bioavailability of Water-Insoluble Drugs: In Vivo Evidence and Recent Approaches,” Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3 (2020): 264.

[24] M. Sguizzato, E. Esposito, and R. Cortesi, “Lipid-Based Nanosystems as a Tool to Overcome Skin Barrier,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (2021): 8319.

[25] T. Waghule, R. N. Saha, A. Alexander, and G. Singhvi, “Tailoring the Multi-Functional Properties of Phospholipids for Simple to Complex Self-Assemblies,” Journal of Controlled Release 349 (2022): 460–474.

[26] S. R. K, D. S. R. M, and V. P, “A Review on: Liposomes,” International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs 7 (2022): 08–11.

[27] P. N. Kendre, D. R. Kayande, A. K. Pote, et al., “Emerging Lipid-Based Carriers for Systematic Utilization in the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: A Review,” Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 13, no. 1 (2025): 2–21.

[28] C. Huang, K. Gou, X. Yue, et al., “A Novel Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dissolving Microneedle Patch Loaded With Ginsenoside Rg3 Liposome for Effectively Alleviate Psoriasis,” Materials & Design 224 (2022): 111363.

[29] J. Zhao, Y. Yue, X. Li, D. Li, P. Zhao, and X. Tian, “Antioxidative Hydrogel Based on Hyaluronic Acid/Polyethylene Glycol Loaded With Shikonin-Coated Flexible Liposome and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Effect on Eczema,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 283 (2024): 137727.

[30] H. Xing, H. Peng, Y. Yang, et al., “Nitric Oxide Synergizes Minoxidil Delivered by Transdermal Hyaluronic Acid Liposomes for Multimodal Androgenetic-Alopecia Therapy,” Bioactive Materials 32 (2024): 190–205.

[31] L. Lei, X. Wang, Y. Zhou, et al., “Tissue and Cell Dual-Penetrating Dendritic Lipopeptide Liposomes for Hypertrophic Scar Treatment,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 11 (2024): 2313036.

[32] H. Xing, X. Pan, Y. Hu, et al., “High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid-Liposome Delivery System for Efficient Transdermal Treatment of Acute and Chronic Skin Photodamage,” Acta Biomaterialia 182 (2024): 171–187.

[33] S. Wu, G. Liu, P. Shao, et al., “Transdermal Sustained Release Properties and Anti-Photoaging Efficacy of Liposome-Thermosensitive Hydrogel System,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 13, no. 2 (2024): 2301933.

[34] M. Adnan, M. H. Akhter, O. Afzal, et al., “Exploring Nanocarriers as Treatment Modalities for Skin Cancer,” Molecules 28, no. 15 (2023): 5905.

[35] N. Gupta, G. D. Gupta, and D. Singh, “Localized Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Cancer: Current Approaches and Future Prospects,” Frontiers in Nanotechnology 4 (2022): 1006628.

[36] T. Moolakkadath, M. Aqil, A. Ahad, et al., “Fisetin Loaded Binary Ethosomes for Management of Skin Cancer by Dermal Application on UV Exposed Mice,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 560 (2019): 78–91.

[37] Y. Cai, X. Zhang, W. Hu, et al., “Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of Chrysomycin A for the Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma and MRSA Infections Using Skin-Penetrating Peptide-Functionalized Deformable Liposomes,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 670 (2025): 125130.

[38] H. Oh, J. S. Lee, D. Sung, J.-M. Lim, and W. I. Choi, “Potential Antioxidant and Wound Healing Effect of Nano-Liposol With High Loading Amount of Astaxanthin,” International Journal of Nanomedicine 15 (2020): 9231–9240.

[39] H. Alaqabani, A. Hammad, Y. Abosnwber, and Y. Perrie, “Novel Microfluidic Development of pH-Responsive Hybrid Liposomes: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment for Enhanced Wound Healing,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 667 (2024): 124884.

[40] X. Fu, Y. Shi, H. Wang, et al., “Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin Β-4,” International Journal of Nanomedicine 14 (2019): 9275–9284.

[41] M. Kiani, F. Moraffah, F. Khonsari, et al., “Co-Delivery of Simvastatin and MicroRNA-21 Through Liposome Could Accelerates the Wound Healing Process,” Biomaterials Advances 154 (2023): 213658.

[42] F. Hajiahmadi, M. Y. Alikhani, H. Shariatifar, M. R. Arabestani, and D. Ahmadvand, “The Bactericidal Effect of Lysostaphin Coupled With Liposomal Vancomycin as a Dual Combating System Applied Directly on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infected Skin Wounds in Mice,” International Journal of Nanomedicine 14 (2019): 5943–5955.

[43] G. Shu, D. Xu, W. Zhang, et al., “Preparation of Shikonin Liposome and Evaluation of Its In Vitro Antibacterial and In Vivo Infected Wound Healing Activity,” Phytomedicine 99 (2022): 154035.

[44] A. Walduck, P. Sangwan, Q. A. Vo, et al., “Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection In Vivo Using Rifampicin Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles,” RSC Advances 10, no. 55 (2020): 33608–33619.

[45] Y.-P. Zhao, J.-F. Han, F.-Y. Zhang, et al., “Flexible Nano-Liposomes-Based Transdermal Hydrogel for Targeted Delivery of Dexamethasone for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy,” Drug Delivery 29, no. 1 (2022): 2269–2282.

[46] D. Jiang, Y. Jiang, K. Wang, et al., “Binary Ethosomes-Based Transdermal Patches Assisted by Metal Microneedles Significantly Improve the Bioavailability of Carvedilol,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 74 (2022): 103498.

[47] H. Nsairat, D. Khater, U. Sayed, F. Odeh, A. Al Bawab, and W. Alshaer, “Liposomes: Structure, Composition, Types, and Clinical Applications,” Heliyon 8, no. 5 (2022): e09394.

[48] P. K. Kumar and R. S. Kumar, “Review on Transferosomes and Transferosomal Gels,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 33, no. 43B (2021): 114–126.

[49] M. A. Jahangir, D. Mohanty, A. Choudhury, and S. S. Imam, “Theranostic Applications of Functionalized Vesicular Carriers: Theranostic Applications of Functionalized Vesicular Carriers (Liposomes, Niosomes, Virosomes, Ethosomes, Phytosomes),” Multifunctional And Targeted Theranostic Nanomedicines: Formulation, Design And Applications (2023): 49–76.

[50] A. M. Alenzi, S. A. Albalawi, S. G. Alghamdi, R. F. Albalawi, H. S. Albalawi, and M. Qushawy, “Review on Different Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems (VDDSs) and Their Applications,” Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 17, no. 1 (2023): 18–32.

[51] K. Thapa Magar, G. F. Boafo, X. Li, Z. Chen, and W. He, “Liposome-Based Delivery of Biological Drugs,” Chinese Chemical Letters 33, no. 2 (2022): 587–596.

[52] I. M. Cardoso-Daodu, M. O. Ilomuanya, and C. P. Azubuike, “Nanoliposomes: Historical Perspectives and Major Advances in Cancer Therapy. A Critical Review,” British Journal of Pharmacy 8, no. 1 (2023): 1–17.

[53] D. Lombardo and M. A. Kiselev, “Methods of Liposomes Preparation: Formation and Control Factors of Versatile Nanocarriers for Biomedical and Nanomedicine Application,” Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (2022): 543.

[54] M. Dymek and E. Sikora, “Liposomes as Biocompatible and Smart Delivery Systems–The Current State,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 309 (2022): 102757.

[55] L. Hanley, S. M. Ghazani, and A. G. Marangoni, “Giant Multilamellar and Large Unilamellar Lecithin Vesicles for the Encapsulation and Oral Delivery of Cannabinoids,” Food Chemistry 433 (2024): 137291.

[56] B. R. Gondane, D. D. M. Biyani, and D. M. J. Umekar, “A Review of Liposomes as a Good Carrier for Transdermal Drug Delivery System,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 11, no. 12 (2022): 2383–2399.

[57] T. Musumeci, A. Bonaccorso, and C. Carbone, “Basic Concepts of Liposomes: Components, Structures, Properties and Classification,” Liposomes in Drug Delivery (2024): 19–48.

[58] F. Farooque, M. Wasi, and M. M. Mughees, “Liposomes as Drug Delivery System: An Updated Review,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11 (2021): 149–158.

[59] M. Umbarkar, S. Thakare, T. Surushe, A. Giri, and V. Chopade, “Formulation and Evaluation of Liposome by Thin Film Hydration Method,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1 (2021): 72–76.

[60] N.-Q. Shi and X.-R. Qi, “Preparation of Drug Liposomes by Reverse-Phase Evaporation,” Liposome-Based Drug Delivery Systems 60 (2021): 37–46.

[61] A. Gouda, O. S. Sakr, M. Nasr, and O. Sammour, “Ethanol Injection Technique for Liposomes Formulation: An Insight into Development, Influencing Factors, Challenges and Applications,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 61 (2021): 102174.

[62] W. Y. Jeong, M. Kwon, H. E. Choi, and K. S. Kim, “Recent Advances in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Review,” Biomaterials Research 25 (2021): 1–15.

[63] E. Touitou and H. Natsheh, “Topical Administration of Drugs Incorporated in Carriers Containing Phospholipid Soft Vesicles for the Treatment of Skin Medical Conditions,” Pharmaceutics 13, no. 12 (2021): 2129.

[64] A. Jafari, S. Daneshamouz, P. Ghasemiyeh, and S. Mohammadi-Samani, “Ethosomes as Dermal/Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Applications, Preparation and Characterization,” Journal of Liposome Research 33, no. 1 (2023): 34–52.

[65] S. Bhandari, “Ethosomes: A Novel Vesicular Innovation to Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Drugs,” Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology 14, no. 1 (2022): 72–78.

[66] P. Shinde, A. Page, and S. Bhattacharya, “Ethosomes and Their Monotonous Effects on Skin Cancer Disruption,” Frontiers in Nanotechnology 5 (2023): 1087413.

[67] M. H. Abdallah, M. M. Shahien, H. E.-S. El-Horany, and E. H. Ahmed, “Modified Phospholipid Vesicular Gel for Transdermal Drug Delivery: The Influence of Glycerin and/Or Ethanol on Their Lipid Bilayer Fluidity and Penetration Characteristics,” Gels 11, no. 5 (2025): 358.

[68] R. Seenivasan, P. Halagali, D. Nayak, and V. K. Tippavajhala, “Transethosomes: A Comprehensive Review of Ultra-Deformable Vesicular Systems for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery,” AAPS PharmSciTech 26, no. 1 (2025): 41.

[69] S. Chamel, A. Mishra, and A. Gull, “Transferosomes as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Enhanced Antifungal Therapy: A Comprehensive Review,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 95 (2024): 105545.

[70] G. Cevc and A. Chopra, “ Deformable (Transfersome®) Vesicles for Improved Drug Delivery Into and Through the Skin.” Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement: Nanocarriers (Springer, 2016), 39–59.

[71] V. Garg, H. Singh, S. Bimbrawh, et al., “Ethosomes and Transfersomes: Principles, Perspectives and Practices,” Current Drug Delivery 14, no. 5 (2017): 613–633.

[72] Y. Thabet, M. Elsabahy, and N. G. Eissa, “Methods for Preparation of Niosomes: A Focus on Thin-Film Hydration Method,” Methods 199 (2022): 9–15.

[73] A. Sharma, T. Yadav, O. Tickoo, et al., “Transfersomes as a Surfactant-Based Ultradeformable Liposome,” BIO Web of Conferences 86 (2024): 01021.

[74] A. Y. Pawar, “Transfersome: A Novel Technique Which Improves Transdermal Permeability,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP) 10, no. 4 (2016): S425–S436.

[75] P. Chaurasiya, E. Ganju, N. Upmanyu, S. K. Ray, and P. Jain, “Transfersomes: A Novel Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1 (2019): 279–285.

[76] J. Wen, M. Al Gailani, N. Yin, and A. Rashidinejad, “ Liposomes and Niosomes,” in Emulsion-based Systems for Delivery of Food Active Compounds: Formation, Application, Health and Safety (2018), 263–292.

[77] P. Patel, A. K. Parashar, M. Kaurav, et al., “Niosome: A Vesicular Drug Delivery Tool. Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers Based Pharmaceutical Preparations,” Bentham Science Publishers (2022): 333–364.

[78] J. Jiao, “Polyoxyethylated Nonionic Surfactants and Their Applications in Topical Ocular Drug Delivery,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60, no. 15 (2008): 1663–1673.

[79] D. Ag Seleci, M. Seleci, J.-G. Walter, F. Stahl, and T. Scheper, “Niosomes as Nanoparticular Drug Carriers: Fundamentals and Recent Applications,” Journal of Nanomaterials 2016, no. 1 (2016): 7372306.

[80] A. J. Baillie, A. T. Florence, L. R. Hume, G. T. Muirhead, and A. Rogerson, “The Preparation and Properties of Niosomes—Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 37, no. 12 (1985): 863–868.

[81] A. Budhiraja and G. Dhingra, “Development and Characterization of a Novel Antiacne Niosomal Gel of Rosmarinic Acid,” Drug Delivery 22, no. 6 (2015): 723–730.

[82] A. Marwa, S. Omaima, E.-G. Hanaa, and A.-S. Mohammed, “Preparation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Niosomal Formulations,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 4, no. 5 (2013): 1757.

[83] S. Verma, S. Singh, N. Syan, P. Mathur, and V. Valecha, “Nanoparticle Vesicular Systems: A Versatile Tool for Drug Delivery,” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2, no. 2 (2010): 496–509.

[84] S. Garg, M. Kumar, R. Maurya, et al., “Specialized Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview,” Novel Carrier Systems for Targeted and Controlled Drug Delivery (2024): 391–458.

[85] B. Kalita, P. Sonowal, and M. K. Das, “ Lipid-Drug Conjugates: Application of Lipid in Drug Delivery.” Lipid-Drug Conjugates (Elsevier, 2025), 3–27.

[86] S. Meenu and S. Shaiju, “An Updated Review on Pharmacosomes: Novel Drug Delivery System,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 12, no. 10 (2020): 1252–1255.

[87] A. Joshi, V. Patel, A. J. Yeola, and P. Y. Dave, “ A Novel Targeted Drug Delivery Carrier: Herbosomes,” in Dosage Forms-Emerging Trends and Prospective Drug-Delivery Systems: Emerging Trends and Prospective Drug-Delivery Systems (2025), 73.

[88] P. Sharma, P. Powar, and S. Sharma, “Pharmacosomes: A Novel Drug Delivery System,” Pharma Innovation 3, no. 10, Part B (2014): 94.

[89] D. Pathak and D. S. Manchanda, “Pharmacosomes: A Novel Vesicular Drug Delivery System,” International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering &Technology 7, no. 7 (2020): 88–97.

[90] A. K. Nayak, M. S. Hasnain, T. M. Aminabhavi, and V. P. Torchilin, “ Nanovesicular Systems in Drug Delivery.” Systems of Nanovesicular Drug Delivery (Elsevier, 2022), 1–15.

[91] Y. Abhishek Yadav, A. Mohd Amaan, D. Adarsh Dubey, and K. Dheeraj Kushwaha, “Pharmacosomes: In Targeted Drug Delivery System,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 12, no. 5 (2024): 41–45.

[92] M. S. Khan, S. Mohapatra, V. Gupta, et al., “Potential of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers Against Two Major Barriers to Drug Delivery—Skin and Blood–Brain Barrier,” Membranes 13, no. 3 (2023): 343.

[93] D. Ramadon, M. T. McCrudden, A. J. Courtenay, and R. F. Donnelly, “Enhancement Strategies for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Current Trends and Applications,” Drug Delivery and Translational Research 12 (2022): 1–34.

[94] M. A. Akl, M. A. Eldeen, and A. M. Kassem, “Beyond Skin Deep: Phospholipid-Based Nanovesicles as Game-Changers in Transdermal Drug Delivery,” AAPS PharmSciTech 25, no. 6 (2024): 184.

[95] P. Panda, T. Mohanty, and R. Mohapatra, “Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Harnessing the Potential of Macromolecular Assisted Permeation Enhancement and Novel Techniques,” AAPS PharmSciTech 26, no. 1 (2025): 29.

[96] R. M. Almuqbil and B. Aldhubiab, “Ethosome-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery: Its Structural Components, Preparation Techniques, and Therapeutic Applications Across Metabolic, Chronic, and Oncological Conditions,” Pharmaceutics 17, no. 5 (2025): 583.

[97] W. Albalawi, S. Alharbi, F. Alanazi, et al., “Elegant, Flexible Vesicular Nanocarriers for the Efficient Skin Delivery of Topically Applied Drugs,” Current Nanoscience 19, no. 4 (2023): 493–508.

[98] N. Schafer, R. Balwierz, P. Biernat, W. Ochędzan-Siodłak, and J. Lipok, “Natural Ingredients of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems as Permeation Enhancers of Active Substances Through the Stratum Corneum,” Molecular Pharmaceutics 20, no. 7 (2023): 3278–3297.

[99] N. Chauhan, P. Vasava, S. L. Khan, et al., “Ethosomes: A Novel Drug Carrier,” Annals of Medicine & Surgery 82 (2022): 104595.

[100] H. Chinthaginjala, M. Repollu, and B. N. Bhukya, “An Effective Platform for Enhanced Therapy,” Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 14, no. 3 (2024): 257–263.

[101] S. Brito, M. Baek, and B.-H. Bin, “Skin Structure, Physiology, and Pathology in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery,” Pharmaceutics 16, no. 11 (2024): 1403.

[102] Z. Liu, Z. He, X. Ai, T. Guo, and N. Feng, “Cardamonin-Loaded Liposomal Formulation for Improving Percutaneous Penetration and Follicular Delivery for Androgenetic Alopecia,” Drug Delivery and Translational Research 14, no. 9 (2024): 2444–2460.

[103] C. Wang, X. Lan, L. Zhu, et al., “Construction Strategy of Functionalized Liposomes and Multidimensional Application,” Small 20, no. 25 (2024): 2309031.

[104] S. Salathia, M. R. Gigliobianco, C. Casadidio, P. Di Martino, and R. Censi, “Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanosystems for CD44 Mediated Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (2023): 7286.

[105] D. Nikitovic, E. Kukovyakina, A. Berdiaki, et al., “Enhancing Tumor Targeted Therapy: The Role of iRGD Peptide in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems,” Cancers 16, no. 22 (2024): 3768.

[106] M. Paurević, M. Šrajer Gajdošik, and R. Ribić, “Mannose Ligands for Mannose Receptor Targeting,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3 (2024): 1370.

[107] J. Shao, J. Zhang, N. A. Villasis, et al., “Printable Personalized Drug Delivery Patch for the Topical Therapy of Skin Diseases,” Matter 6, no. 1 (2023): 158–174.

[108] C. Wu, Q. Yu, C. Huang, F. Li, L. Zhang, and D. Zhu, “Microneedles as Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Enhancing Skin Disease Treatment,” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 14 (2024): 5161–5180.

[109] F. Qu, R. Geng, Y. Liu, and J. Zhu, “Advanced Nanocarrier-And Microneedle-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Strategies for Skin Diseases Treatment,” Theranostics 12, no. 7 (2022): 3372–3406.

[110] S. S. Agrawal, V. Baliga, and V. Y. Londhe, “Liposomal Formulations: A Recent Update,” Pharmaceutics 17, no. 1 (2024): 36.

[111] C. E. M. Griffiths, A. W. Armstrong, J. E. Gudjonsson, and J. N. W. N. Barker, “Psoriasis,” Lancet 397, no. 10281 (2021): 1301–1315.

[112] M. Kamata and Y. Tada, “Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis,” Frontiers in Immunology 13 (2022): 941071.

[113] A. Dhabale and S. Nagpure, “Types of Psoriasis and Their Effects on the Immune System,” Cureus 14, no. 9 (2022): e29536.

[114] J. Bu, R. Ding, L. Zhou, X. Chen, and E. Shen, “Epidemiology of Psoriasis and Comorbid Diseases: A Narrative Review,” Frontiers in Immunology 13 (2022): 880201.

[115] K. Ghoreschi, A. Balato, C. Enerbäck, and R. Sabat, “Therapeutics Targeting the IL-23 and IL-17 Pathway in Psoriasis,” Lancet 397, no. 10275 (2021): 754–766.

[116] N. Raina, R. Rani, V. K. Thakur, and M. Gupta, “New Insights in Topical Drug Delivery for Skin Disorders: From a Nanotechnological Perspective,” ACS Omega 8, no. 22 (2023): 19145–19167.

[117] S. Bahadur and M. Sharma, “Liposome Based Drug Delivery for the Management of Psoriasis-A Comprehensive Review,” Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 24, no. 11 (2023): 1383–1396.

[118] Y. Chen, C.-L. Liang, H. Liu, et al., “Percutaneous Delivery of Hederacoside C-Loaded Nanoliposome Gel Alleviates Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation Through the CCL17/Treg Axis,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 37 (2024): 48969–48981.

[119] R. P. Dhavale, S. J. Nadaf, and M. S. Bhatia, “Quantitative Structure Property Relationship Assisted Development of Fluocinolone Acetonide Loaded Transfersomes for Targeted Delivery,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 65 (2021): 102758.

[120] S. E. El Gizaway, M. Fadel, B. Mourad, and F. E. A. Elnaby, “Betamethasone Dipropionate Gel for Treatment of Localized Plaque Psoriasis,” International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9 (2017): 173.

[121] J. Li, X. Li, Y. Zhang, et al., “Gene Therapy for Psoriasis in the K14-VEGF Transgenic Mouse Model by Topical Transdermal Delivery of Interleukin-4 Using Ultradeformable Cationic Liposome,” Journal of Gene Medicine 12, no. 6 (2010): 481–490.

[122] A. Chandra, G. Aggarwal, S. Manchanda, and A. Narula, “Development of Topical Gel of Methotrexate Incorporated Ethosomes and Salicylic Acid for the Treatment of Psoriasis,” Pharmaceutical nanotechnology 7, no. 5 (2019): 362–374.

[123] M. Pleguezuelos-Villa, S. Mir-Palomo, O. Díez-Sales, M. A. O. V. Buso, A. R. Sauri, and A. Nácher, “A Novel Ultradeformable Liposomes of Naringin for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 162 (2018): 265–270.

[124] S. Meng, L. Sun, L. Wang, et al., “Loading of Water-Insoluble Celastrol into Niosome Hydrogels for Improved Topical Permeation and Anti-Psoriasis Activity,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 182 (2019): 110352.

[125] K. Bodnár, P. Fehér, Z. Ujhelyi, I. Bácskay, and L. Józsa, “Recent Approaches for the Topical Treatment of Psoriasis Using Nanoparticles,” Pharmaceutics 16, no. 4 (2024): 449.

[126] R. Spiewak, “Diseases From the Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema: Can ‘Omics’ Sciences Help With Better Systematics and More Accurate Differential Diagnosis?,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (2023): 10468.

[127] H. Li, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Guo, and Z. Yao, “Update on the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Atopic Dermatitis,” Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 61 (2021): 1–15.

[128] A. Cláudia paiva-Santos, M. Gama, D. Peixoto, et al., “Nanocarrier-Based Dermopharmaceutical Formulations for the Topical Management of Atopic Dermatitis,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 618 (2022): 121656.

[129] G. Yang, H. E. Lee, S. W. Shin, et al., “Efficient Transdermal Delivery of DNA Nanostructures Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in NC/Nga Mice,” Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 40 (2018): 1801918.

[130] S. Priya, Y. Tomar, V. M. Desai, and G. Singhvi, “Enhanced Skin Drug Delivery Using Dissolving Microneedles: A Potential Approach for the Management of Skin Disorders,” Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 20, no. 6 (2023): 721–738.

[131] H. Kathuria, H. K. Handral, S. Cha, et al., “Enhancement of Skin Delivery of Drugs Using Proposome Depends on Drug Lipophilicity,” Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (2021): 1457.

[132] M. J. Kang, J. Y. Eum, S. H. Park, et al., “Pep-1 Peptide-Conjugated Elastic Liposomal Formulation of Taxifolin Glycoside for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 402, no. 1–2 (2010): 198–204.

[133] S. T. Kim, K. M. Lee, H. J. Park, S. E. Jin, W. S. Ahn, and C. K. Kim, “Topical Delivery of Interleukin-13 Antisense Oligonucleotides With Cationic Elastic Liposome for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis,” Journal of Gene Medicine 11, no. 1 (2009): 26–37.

[134] C. F. Rodríguez, P. Guzmán-Sastoque, A. Santacruz-Belalcazar, et al., “Magnetoliposomes for Nanomedicine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Drug, Gene, and Peptide Delivery,” Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery (2025): 1–30.

[135] G. Kuipers, “The Expanding Beauty Regime: Or, Why It Has Become so Important to Look Good,” Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty 13, no. 2 (2022): 207–228.

[136] A. Dorosz, A. Skoczeń, M. Kulesza, et al., “The Impact of Environmental Factors on Skin and Tissue Ageing: Mechanisms, Effects, and Preventive Strategies,” Journal of Education, Health and Sport 79 (2025): 58282.

[137] S. K. Dubey, A. Dey, G. Singhvi, M. M. Pandey, V. Singh, and P. Kesharwani, “Emerging Trends of Nanotechnology in Advanced Cosmetics,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 214 (2022): 112440.

[138] K. J. McElwee and J. S. Shapiro, “Promising Therapies for Treating And/Or Preventing Androgenic Alopecia,” Skin Therapy Letter 17, no. 6 (2012): 1–4.

[139] P. M. Zito and B. S. Raggio, “ Hair Transplantation,” in StatPearls [Internet] (StatPearls Publishing, 2024).

[140] Y. Xiao, Y. Zhang, S. Deng, X. Yang, and X. Yao, “Immune and Non-Immune Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Androgenetic Alopecia,” Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 68, no. 1 (2025): 22.

[141] A. K. Gupta, M. Talukder, and G. Williams, “Comparison of Oral Minoxidil, Finasteride, and Dutasteride for Treating Androgenetic Alopecia,” Journal of Dermatological Treatment 33, no. 7 (2022): 2946–2962.

[142] A. K. Gupta, M. Talukder, M. Venkataraman, and M. A. Bamimore, “Minoxidil: A Comprehensive Review,” Journal of Dermatological Treatment 33, no. 4 (2022): 1896–1906.

[143] X. Zhang, S. Li, Y. Dong, H. Rong, J. Zhao, and H. Hu, “A Multifunctional Cholesterol-Free Liposomal Platform Based on Protopanaxadiol for Alopecia Therapy,” Nano Research 15, no. 10 (2022): 9498–9510.

[144] P. Kochar, K. Nayak, S. Thakkar, S. Polaka, D. Khunt, and M. Misra, “Exploring the Potential of Minoxidil Tretinoin Liposomal Based Hydrogel for Topical Delivery In the Treatment of Androgenic Alopecia,” Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 39, no. 1 (2020): 43–53.

[145] H. Xing, X. Jiang, Z. Zhao, et al., “Multistage Transdermal Nitric Oxide Delivery System for the Efficient Treatment of Androgenic Alopecia,” ACS Materials Letters 6, no. 12 (2024): 5354–5362.

[146] J. V. Sullivan and S. Myers, “ Skin Structure and Function, Wound Healing and Scarring,” Plastic Surgery-Principles and Practice (2022), 1–14.

[147] Y.-K. Hong, Y.-H. Chang, Y.-C. Lin, B. Chen, B. E. K. Guevara, and C.-K. Hsu, “Inflammation in Wound Healing and Pathological Scarring,” Advances in Wound Care 12, no. 5 (2023): 288–300.

[148] T. Peng, Y. Chen, W. Hu, et al., “Microneedles for Enhanced Topical Treatment of Skin Disorders: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects,” Engineering 30 (2023): 170–189.

[149] Y. Liu, Y. Liang, J. Yuhong, et al., “Advances in Nanotechnology for Enhancing the Solubility and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs,” Drug Design, Development and Therapy 18 (2024): 1469–1495.

[150] D. Xing, G. Xia, X. Tang, et al., “A Multifunctional Nanocomposite Hydrogel Delivery System Based on Dual-Loaded Liposomes for Scarless Wound Healing,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 13, no. 28 (2024): 2401619.

[151] Y. Lin, X. Luo, Y. Zhan, R. Liu, X. Xu, and J. Shi, “Imiquimod Liposome Gel Preparations and Their Ability to Inhibit Hypertrophic Scars,” Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy 2, no. 2 (2021): 123–134.

[152] L. Lei, Y. Bai, X. Qin, J. Liu, W. Huang, and Q. Lv, “Current Understanding of Hydrogel for Drug Release and Tissue Engineering,” Gels 8, no. 5 (2022): 301.

[153] S. Zhou, S. Hou, and Q. Lu, “A Microparticle Sunscreen With Highly Effective ROS Scavenging and Nonpenetration,” Polymer Science & Technology (2025).

[154] Z. Tang, X. Tong, J. Huang, L. Liu, D. Wang, and S. Yang, “Research Progress of Keratinocyte-Programmed Cell Death in UV-Induced Skin Photodamage,” Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 37, no. 5 (2021): 442–448.

[155] Y. Liu, R. Mao, S. Han, Z. Yu, B. Xu, and T. Xu, “Polymeric Microneedle Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanisms of Treatment, Material Properties, and Clinical Applications—A Comprehensive Review,” Polymers 16, no. 18 (2024): 2568.

[156] R. Elsisi, D. Helal, G. Mekhail, D. Abou Hussein, and A. Osama, “Advancements in Skin Aging Treatment: Exploring Antioxidants and Nanoparticles for Enhanced Skin Permeation,” Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University 7, no. 2 (2023): 376–401.

[157] Y. Yang, Y. He, H. Xing, et al., “Hyaluronic Acid-Liposomes Hybridized With HucMSC Exosomes for Enhanced Exosomes Transdermal Delivery and Acute Skin Photodamage Repair,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 306 (2025): 141606.

[158] J. Chen, S. Hu, J. Li, J. Xing, Z. Yang, and L. Teng, “Transdermal Delivery of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone by Liposomal Gel for Skin Photoaging Therapy,” ACS Applied Bio Materials 7, no. 7 (2024): 4519–4532.

[159] E. Musielak and V. Krajka-Kuźniak, “Liposomes and Ethosomes: Comparative Potential in Enhancing Skin Permeability for Therapeutic and Cosmetic Applications,” Cosmetics 11, no. 6 (2024): 191.

[160] M. Khayyati Kohnehshahri, A. Sarkesh, L. Mohamed Khosroshahi, et al., “Current Status of Skin Cancers With a Focus on Immunology and Immunotherapy,” Cancer Cell International 23, no. 1 (2023): 174.

[161] G. Song, G. Jiang, T. Liu, et al., “Separable Microneedles for Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy Against Superficial Skin Tumors,” ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 6, no. 7 (2020): 4116–4125.

[162] J. Liu, G. Shen, and X. Yan, “Bacterial Systems as a Precision Delivery Platform of Therapeutic Peptides for Cancer Therapy,” Polymer Science & Technology (2025).

[163] A. Jose, S. Labala, K. M. Ninave, S. K. Gade, and V. V. K. Venuganti, “Effective Skin Cancer Treatment by Topical Co-Delivery of Curcumin and STAT3 siRNA Using Cationic Liposomes,” AAPS PharmSciTech 19 (2018): 166–175.

[164] A. Gamal, H. Saeed, F. I. A. El-Ela, and H. F. Salem, “Improving the Antitumor Activity and Bioavailability of Sonidegib for the Treatment of Skin Cancer,” Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (2021): 1560.

[165] A. Rajendran, V. Elumalai, S. Balasubramaniyam, and K. Elumalai, “Transferosome Formulations as Innovative Carriers for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Composition, Properties, and Therapeutic Applications,” Biomedical Materials & Devices (2025): 1–27.

[166] M. S. Jangdey, C. D. Kaur, and S. Saraf, “Efficacy of Concanavalin-A Conjugated Nanotransfersomal Gel of Apigenin for Enhanced Targeted Delivery of UV Induced Skin Malignant Melanoma,” Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 47, no. 1 (2019): 904–916.

[167] A. A. Mamun, C. Shao, P. Geng, S. Wang, and J. Xiao, “Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Wound Healing and Its Treatments,” Frontiers in Immunology 15 (2024): 1395479.

[168] A. Scridon, “Platelets and Their Role In Hemostasis and Thrombosis—From Physiology to Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (2022): 12772.

[169] A. M. Soliman and D. R. Barreda, “Acute Inflammation in Tissue Healing,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (2022): 641.

[170] P. A. Everts, J. F. Lana, K. Onishi, et al., “Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures: A Narrative Review,” Biomedicines 11, no. 7 (2023): 1922.

[171] T. Wild, A. A. Aljowder, A. Aljawder, J. Marotz, and F. Siemers, “ From Wound to Scar: Scarring Explained—Pathophysiology of Wound Healing,” in Scars: A Practical Guide for Scar Therapy (2024), 11–27.

[172] F. Yang, X. Bai, X. Dai, and Y. Li, “The Biological Processes During Wound Healing,” Regenerative Medicine 16, no. 4 (2021): 373–390.

[173] J. Hurlow and P. G. Bowler, “Acute and Chronic Wound Infections: Microbiological, Immunological, Clinical and Therapeutic Distinctions,” Journal of Wound Care 31, no. 5 (2022): 436–445.

[174] V. Falanga, R. R. Isseroff, A. M. Soulika, et al., “Chronic Wounds,” Nature Reviews Disease Primers 8, no. 1 (2022): 50.

[175] L. Peng, Z. Zhang, Q. Li, and H. Yang, “Current Challenges and Issues in the Application of Astaxanthin,” Fishes 10, no. 4 (2025): 159.

[176] J. Xie, W. Wu, L. Zheng, et al., “Roles of MicroRNA-21 in Skin Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review,” Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (2022): 828627.

[177] A. Kumari, N. Raina, A. Wahi, et al., “Wound-Healing Effects of Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations: A Comprehensive Review,” Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (2022): 2288.

[178] H.-J. Lee, M. Jeong, Y.-G. Na, S.-J. Kim, H.-K. Lee, and C. W. Cho, “An EGF- and Curcumin-Co-Encapsulated Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Accelerates Chronic-Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats,” Molecules 25, no. 20 (2020): 4610.

[179] M. H. Swaney and L. R. Kalan, “Living in Your Skin: Microbes, Molecules, and Mechanisms,” Infection and Immunity 89, no. 4 (2021): e00695-20.

[180] K. Ramakrishnan, R. C. Salinas, and N. I. Agudelo Higuita, “Skin and Soft Tissue Infections,” American Family Physician 92, no. 6 (2015): 474–483.

[181] P. Sen, P. Khulbe, E. D. Ahire, M. Gupta, N. Chauhan, and R. K. Keservani, “Skin and Soft Tissue Diseases and Their Treatment in Society,” Community Acquired Infection 10 (2023).

[182] S. Esposito, P. Pagliano, and A. M. Spera, “ Skin and Soft Tissue Infections,” A Rational Approach to Clinical Infectious Diseases (2022), 159–171.

[183] D. Chinemerem Nwobodo, M. C. Ugwu, C. Oliseloke Anie, et al., “Antibiotic Resistance: The Challenges and Some Emerging Strategies for Tackling a Global Menace,” Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 36, no. 9 (2022): e24655.

[184] A. Singh, A. Amod, P. Pandey, et al., “Bacterial Biofilm Infections, Their Resistance to Antibiotics Therapy and Current Treatment Strategies,” Biomedical Materials 17, no. 2 (2022): 022003.

[185] H. S. M. Dhaifallah Azithromycin: A Pharmaceutical Studies & Mechanisms of Action.

[186] Z. Rukavina, M. Šegvić Klarić, J. Filipović-Grčić, J. Lovrić, and Ž. Vanić, “Azithromycin-Loaded Liposomes for Enhanced Topical Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA) Infections,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics 553, no. 1–2 (2018): 109–119.

[187] M. Vasam, S. Korutla, and R. A. Bohara, “Acne Vulgaris: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Recent Nanotechnology Based Advances,” Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 36 (2023): 101578.

[188] İ. Eroğlu, M. Aslan, Ü. Yaman, et al., “Liposome-Based Combination Therapy for Acne Treatment,” Journal of Liposome Research 30, no. 3 (2020): 263–273.

[189] L. J. Zhu, A. Y. Liu, P. H. Wong, and A. C. Arroyo, “Road Less Traveled: Drug Hypersensitivity to Fluoroquinolones, Vancomycin, Tetracyclines, and Macrolides,” Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 62, no. 3 (2022): 505–518.

[190] N. Thakur, S. Thakur, Y. P. Singh, S. Prasad, B. Kaur, and C. Sharma, “A Current Review on Transdermal Delivery of Protein and Peptides: Possibilities and Challenges,” Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 21 (2025): 4597–4605.

[191] Y.-B. Zhang, D. Xu, L. Bai, Y.-M. Zhou, H. Zhang, and Y.-L. Cui, “A Review of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Through Respiratory Routes,” Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (2022): 1974.

[192] Q. Qi, Y. Wei, X. Zhang, J. Guan, and S. Mao, “Challenges and Strategies for Ocular Posterior Diseases Therapy via Non-Invasive Advanced Drug Delivery,” Journal of Controlled Release 361 (2023): 191–211.

[193] Z. Wang, X. Wang, W. Xu, et al., “Translational Challenges and Prospective Solutions in the Implementation of Biomimetic Delivery Systems,” Pharmaceutics 15, no. 11 (2023): 2623.

[194] S. Paramshetti, M. Angolkar, S. Talath, et al., “Unravelling the In Vivo Dynamics of Liposomes: Insights Into Biodistribution and Cellular Membrane Interactions,” Life Sciences 346 (2024): 122616.

[195] M. Zhang, Z. Wang, and C. Ding, “Pharmacotherapy for Osteoarthritis-Related Pain: Current and Emerging Therapies,” Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 25, no. 9 (2024): 1209–1227.

[196] M. Kannavou, E. Natsaridis, and A. Missirlis, “Liposomes for drug delivery by localized routes of administration,” Liposomes in Drug Delivery (2024): 329–362.

[197] J. E. Houglum, G. L. Harrelson, and T. M. Seefeldt, “Drugs for Treating Hypertension and Heart Disease,” Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers (2024): 210–235.

[198] C. Xu, Y. Wu, L. Zhao, et al., “Transdermal Hormone Delivery: Strategies, Application and Modality Selection,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 86 (2023): 104730.

[199] Y. Zhou, Y. Wei, H. Liu, G. Zhang, and X. Wu, “Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Ethosomal Total Alkaloids of Sophora Alopecuroides Loaded by a Transmembrane pH-Gradient Method,” AAPS PharmSciTech 11 (2010): 1350–1358.

[200] C. K. Song, P. Balakrishnan, C.-K. Shim, S.-J. Chung, S. Chong, and D.-D. Kim, “A Novel Vesicular Carrier, Transethosome, for Enhanced Skin Delivery of Voriconazole: Characterization and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 92 (2012): 299–304.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). MedComm - Biomaterials and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Sichuan International Medical Exchange & Promotion Association (SCIMEA).