Inflammation and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

Abstract

Inflammation is a core pathological factor regulating tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance, and elucidating its molecular crosstalk with tumors is crucial for developing effective clinical therapies. Internal drivers of inflammation–tumor transformation include genomic disorder, epigenetic memory, mitochondrial stress, and metabolic reprogramming, which synergistically initiate carcinogenesis. External factors amplifying tumor progression cover immune dysfunction, stromal fibrosis, microbial dysbiosis, vascular neoplasia, and neurotoxicity, collectively accelerating tumor development. Notably, current therapies such as immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy often induce inflammatory accumulation, exacerbating chemoresistance and recurrence. However, cell-specific inflammatory signal regulation and the precise balance between anti-inflammatory effects and antitumor efficacy remain understudied, hindering clinical translation of potential strategies. This review systematically organizes the “internal driving force–external attractive force” regulatory network of inflammation-induced tumors, summarizes preclinical validation of inflammatory targets and combined therapy efficacy, and proposes future focus on cell-specific inflammatory signal regulation. It fills the gap in systematically integrating inflammation–tumor interaction mechanisms and provides important theoretical/practical guidance for developing precision anti-inflammatory–antitumor therapies.

Keywords

drug resistance / inflammation / personalized therapy / therapeutic target / tumor

References

[1] F. Coperchini, A. Greco, M. Teliti, et al., “Inflamm-Ageing: How Cytokines and Nutrition Shape the Trajectory of Ageing,” Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 82 (2025): 31–42.

[2] H. Jin, M. Li, E. Jeong, F. Castro-Martinez, and C. S. Zuker, “A Body-Brain Circuit That Regulates Body Inflammatory Responses,” Nature 630, no. 8017 (2024): 695–703.

[3] A. A. Steiner and L. G. S. Branco, “Fever and Anapyrexia in Systemic Inflammation: Intracellular Signaling by Cyclic Nucleotides,” Frontiers in Bioscience 8 (2003): s1398–s1408.

[4] H. Zhao, L. Wu, G. Yan, et al., “Inflammation and Tumor Progression: Signaling Pathways and Targeted Intervention,” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 6, no. 1 (2021): 263.

[5] E. Elinav, R. Nowarski, C. A. Thaiss, B. Hu, C. Jin, and R. A. Flavell, “Inflammation-Induced Cancer: Crosstalk Between Tumours, Immune Cells and Microorganisms,” Nature Reviews Cancer 13, no. 11 (2013): 759–771.

[6] Y. Xie, F. Liu, Y. Wu, et al., “Inflammation in Cancer: Therapeutic Opportunities From New Insights,” Molecular Cancer 24, no. 1 (2025): 51.

[7] J. M. Llovet, C. E. Willoughby, A. G. Singal, et al., “Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Pathogenesis and Treatment,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 20, no. 8 (2023): 487–503.

[8] T. M. Bui, L. K. Yalom, E. Ning, et al., “Tissue-Specific Reprogramming Leads to Angiogenic Neutrophil Specialization and Tumor Vascularization in Colorectal Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 134, no. 7 (2024): e174545.

[9] Y. Duan, Y. Xu, Y. Dou, and D. Xu, “Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer: Mechanisms and New Perspectives,” Journal of Hematology & Oncology 18, no. 1 (2025): 10.

[10] I. Liebold, A. Al Jawazneh, C. Casar, et al., “Apoptotic Cell Identity Induces Distinct Functional Responses to IL-4 in Efferocytic Macrophages,” Science 384, no. 6691 (2024): eabo7027.

[11] M. S. F. Ng, I. Kwok, L. Tan, et al., “Deterministic Reprogramming of Neutrophils Within Tumors,” Science 383, no. 6679 (2024): eadf6493.

[12] X. Yin, S. Chen, and S. C. Eisenbarth, “Dendritic Cell Regulation of T Helper Cells,” Annual Review of Immunology 39 (2021): 759–790.

[13] C. Dong, “Cytokine Regulation and Function in T Cells,” Annual Review of Immunology 39 (2021): 51–76.

[14] H. Chassin, B. Geering, L. Schukur, D. Ausländer, B. Lang, and M. Fussenegger, “Sensing and Responding to Allergic Response Cytokines Through a Genetically Encoded Circuit,” Nature Communications 8, no. 1 (2017): 1101.

[15] Y.-N. Wang, Y.-F. Zhang, X.-F. Peng, et al., “Mast Cell-Derived Proteases Induce Endothelial Permeability and Vascular Damage in Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome,” Microbiology Spectrum 10, no. 3 (2022): e0129422.

[16] R. Batra, M. K. Suh, J. S. Carson, et al., “IL-1β (Interleukin-1β) and TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) Impact Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation by Differential Effects on Macrophage Polarization,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 38, no. 2 (2018): 457–463.

[17] M. He, K. Roussak, F. Ma, et al., “CD5 Expression by Dendritic Cells Directs T Cell Immunity and Sustains Immunotherapy Responses,” Science 379, no. 6633 (2023): eabg2752.

[18] M. D. Powell, K. A. Read, B. K. Sreekumar, D. M. Jones, and K. J. Oestreich, “IL-12 Signaling Drives the Differentiation and Function of a TH1-Derived TFH1-Like Cell Population,” Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (2019): 13991.

[19] R. Aji, Y. Xu, Z. Wang, et al., “Targeted Delivery of Grem1 and IL-10 Separately by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Effectively Mitigates SETD2-Deficient Inflammatory Bowel Disease,” Theranostics 15, no. 6 (2025): 2215–2228.

[20] J. Wang, X. Zhao, and Y. Y. Wan, “Intricacies of TGF-β Signaling in Treg and Th17 Cell Biology,” Cellular & Molecular Immunology 20, no. 9 (2023): 1002–1022.

[21] X. Cai, R.-Y. Gui, J. Wu, et al., “Decreased Expression of IL-35 and Its Receptor Contributes to Impaired Megakaryopoiesis in the Pathogenesis of Immune Thrombocytopenia,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 11, no. 12 (2024): e2305798.

[22] Q. Zhang, S. Liu, H. Wang, et al., “ETV4 Mediated Tumor-Associated Neutrophil Infiltration Facilitates Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Metastasis of Bladder Cancer,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 10, no. 11 (2023): e2205613.

[23] W. Jiang, Y. Ou, M. Yan, et al., “Bindarit-Loaded Hydrogel Sustained-Release System Alleviates Periodontitis in Mice via CC Motif Chemokine Ligand 2-Dependent Monocyte Chemotaxis,” Journal of Controlled Release 389 (2025): 114451.

[24] H. Prizant, N. Patil, S. Negatu, et al., “CXCL10+ Peripheral Activation Niches Couple Preferred Sites of Th1 Entry With Optimal APC Encounter,” Cell Reports 36, no. 6 (2021): 109523.

[25] F. Qian, S. Misra, and K. S. Prabhu, “Selenium and Selenoproteins in Prostanoid Metabolism and Immunity,” Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 54, no. 6 (2019): 484–516.

[26] B. C. Subramanian, N. Melis, D. Chen, et al., “The LTB4-BLT1 Axis Regulates Actomyosin and β2-Integrin Dynamics During Neutrophil Extravasation,” Journal of Cell Biology 219, no. 10 (2020): e201910215.

[27] M. A. Islam, M. S. Huq Atanu, M. A. Siraj, et al., “Supplementation of Syringic Acid-Rich Phrynium Pubinerve Leaves Imparts Protection Against Allergic Inflammatory Responses by Downregulating iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB Expressions,” Heliyon 9, no. 2 (2023): e13343.

[28] Q. Wang, J. Wang, Z. Huang, et al., “The Endosomal-Vacuolar Transport System Acts as a Docking Platform for the Pmk1 MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway in Magnaporthe oryzae,” New Phytologist 245, no. 2 (2025): 722–747.

[29] G.-Q. Zhu, Z. Tang, R. Huang, et al., “CD36+ Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Provide Immunosuppressive Microenvironment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Secretion of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor,” Cell Discovery 9 (2023): 25.

[30] A. Garcia-Diaz, D. S. Shin, B. H. Moreno, et al., “Interferon Receptor Signaling Pathways Regulating PD-L1 and PD-L2 Expression,” Cell Reports 19, no. 6 (2017): 1189–1201.

[31] J. S. Saavedra-Torres, M. V. Pinzón-Fernández, M. Ocampo-Posada, et al., “Inflammasomes and Signaling Pathways: Key Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Sepsis,” Cells 14, no. 12 (2025): 930.

[32] Y. Long, J. Guo, J. Chen, et al., “GPR162 Activates STING Dependent DNA Damage Pathway as a Novel Tumor Suppressor and Radiation Sensitizer,” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 8 (2023): 48.

[33] M. B. Reynolds, H. S. Hong, B. C. Michmerhuizen, et al., “Cardiolipin Coordinates Inflammatory Metabolic Reprogramming Through Regulation of Complex II Disassembly and Degradation,” Science Advances 9, no. 5 (2023): eade8701.

[34] A. Ziogas, B. Novakovic, L. Ventriglia, et al., “Long-Term Histone Lactylation Connects Metabolic and Epigenetic Rewiring in Innate Immune Memory,” Cell 188, no. 11 (2025): 2992–3012.e16.

[35] L. Luo, Q. Qu, M. Cao, et al., “Epigenetic Maps of Pearl Millet Reveal a Prominent Role for CHH Methylation in Regulating Tissue-Specific Gene Expression,” aBIOTECH 6, no. 3 (2025): 394–410.

[36] Z. Wang, R. Dai, L. Kang, et al., “SOX2 Drives Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma by Reprogramming Lipid Metabolism and Histone Acetylation Landscape,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 8190.

[37] D. Denk and F. R. Greten, “Inflammation: The Incubator of the Tumor Microenvironment,” Trends in Cancer 8, no. 11 (2022): 901–914.

[38] S. T. Orange, J. Leslie, M. Ross, D. A. Mann, and H. Wackerhage, “The Exercise IL-6 Enigma in Cancer,” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 34, no. 11 (2023): 749–763.

[39] K. R. Maddipati, “Distinct Etiology of Chronic Inflammation—Implications on Degenerative Diseases and Cancer Therapy,” Frontiers in Immunology 15 (2024): 1460302.

[40] H. Zhang, H. Wei, S. Han, et al., “A Comprehensive Examination of the Impact of Environmental Pollution on Lung Cancer: A Review,” Journal of Advanced Research (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.06.006.

[41] D. A. Fennell, Y. Sekido, P. Baas, et al., “Pleural Mesothelioma,” Nature Reviews Disease Primers 11, no. 1 (2025): 56.

[42] Z. Li, Y. Su, H. Su, et al., “Serum Uric Acid and Its Metabolism – A Vital Factor in the Inflammatory Transformation of Cancer,” Journal of Advanced Research (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.031. S2090-1232(25)00646-0.

[43] S. Y. Lee, M. J. Kwak, and J. J. Kim, “R-Loops: A Key Driver of Inflammatory Responses in Cancer,” Experimental & Molecular Medicine 57, no. 7 (2025): 1455–1466.

[44] T. M. Wassenaar, “E. coli and Colorectal Cancer: A Complex Relationship That Deserves a Critical Mindset,” Critical Reviews in Microbiology 44, no. 5 (2018): 619–632.

[45] H. Mao, X. Zhao, and S.-C. Sun, “NF-κB in Inflammation and Cancer,” Cellular & Molecular Immunology 22, no. 8 (2025): 811–839.

[46] X. Li, Y. Wu, J. Guo, et al., “TRIM31 Triggers Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Progression by Maintaining YBX1 Protein Stability Through Ubiquitination Modification,” Cell Death & Disease 16, no. 1 (2025): 621.

[47] W. Zhang, Y. Peng, M. Zhou, et al., “RBM14 Enhances Transcriptional Activity of p23 Regulating CXCL1 Expression to Induce Lung Cancer Metastasis,” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 15, no. 6 (2025): 3059–3072.

[48] S. Srinivasan, S. Mehra, S. Jinka, et al., “CREB Drives Acinar to Ductal Cells Reprogramming and Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression in Preclinical Models of Alcoholic Pancreatitis,” Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 19, no. 12 (2025): 101606.

[49] K. E. Connelly, K. Hullin, E. Abdolalizadeh, et al., “Allelic Effects on KLHL17 Expression Underlie a Pancreatic Cancer Genome-Wide Association Signal at chr1p36.33,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 4055.

[50] M. Cadefau-Fabregat, G. Martínez-Cebrián, L. Lorenzi, et al., “Mutant CEBPA Promotes Tolerance to Inflammatory Stress Through Deficient AP-1 Activation,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 3492.

[51] C. Chang, M. Wang, J. Li, et al., “Targeting NOTCH1-KEAP1 Axis Retards Chronic Liver Injury and Liver Cancer Progression via Regulating Stabilization of NRF2,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 44, no. 1 (2025): 232.

[52] J. E. Lee and M.-Y. Kim, “Cancer Epigenetics: Past, Present and Future,” Seminars in Cancer Biology 83 (2022): 4–14.

[53] Y. Luo, C. Xie, C. N. Brocker, et al., “Intestinal PPARα Protects Against Colon Carcinogenesis via Regulation of Methyltransferases DNMT1 and PRMT6,” Gastroenterology 157, no. 3 (2019): 744–759.e4.

[54] K. Rajamäki, A. Taira, R. Katainen, et al., “Genetic and Epigenetic Characteristics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Colorectal Cancer,” Gastroenterology 161, no. 2 (2021): 592–607.

[55] C. H. Switzer, H.-J. Cho, T. R. Eykyn, P. Lavender, and P. Eaton, “NOS2 and S-Nitrosothiol Signaling Induces DNA Hypomethylation and LINE-1 Retrotransposon Expression,” PNAS 119, no. 21 (2022): e2200022119.

[56] C. C. Wong, W. Kang, J. Xu, et al., “Prostaglandin E2 Induces DNA Hypermethylation in Gastric Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo,” Theranostics 9, no. 21 (2019): 6256–6268.

[57] D. J. Falvo, A. Grimont, P. Zumbo, et al., “A Reversible Epigenetic Memory of Inflammatory Injury Controls Lineage Plasticity and Tumor Initiation in the Mouse Pancreas,” Developmental Cell 58, no. 24 (2023): 2959–2973.e7.

[58] A. R. Wasylishen, C. Sun, G. P. Chau, et al., “Men1 Maintains Exocrine Pancreas Homeostasis in Response to Inflammation and Oncogenic Stress,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, no. 12 (2020): 6622–6629.

[59] V. Veschi, F. Verona, S. Di Bella, et al., “C1Q+ TPP1+ Macrophages Promote Colon Cancer Progression Through SETD8-Driven p53 Methylation,” Molecular Cancer 24, no. 1 (2025): 102.

[60] H. Song, X. Ye, Y. Liao, et al., “NF-κB Represses Retinoic Acid Receptor-Mediated GPRC5A Transactivation in Lung Epithelial Cells to Promote Neoplasia,” JCI Insight 8, no. 1 (2023): e153976.

[61] R. Rodríguez-Agudo, I. González-Recio, M. Serrano-Maciá, et al., “Anti-miR-873-5p Improves Alcohol-Related Liver Disease by Enhancing Hepatic Deacetylation via SIRT1,” JHEP Reports 6, no. 1 (2024): 100918.

[62] J. Zhang, C. Gao, H. Li, et al., “Long Non-Coding RNA IGFRIL Couples With PTBP1 to Destabilize IGFBP3 mRNA to Promote the IGF1R-AKT-mTOR Axis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 12, no. 39 (2025): e07676.

[63] P. Briata, L. Mastracci, E. Zapparoli, et al., “LncRNA EPR Regulates Intestinal Mucus Production and Protects Against Inflammation and Tumorigenesis,” Nucleic Acids Research 51, no. 10 (2023): 5193–5209.

[64] L. Meng, H. Wu, J. Wu, et al., “Aberrant CircTMEM45A Facilitates Inflammatory Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through m5C-Mediated NLRP3 Activation,” Cancer Research 85, no. 14 (2025): 2694–2713.

[65] R. Stabile, F. A. Tucci, M. P. Verhagen, et al., “The Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase-SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable Antagonism Regulates the Coordinated Activation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Inflammation in Oral Cancer,” JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 117, no. 7 (2025): 1438–1455.

[66] A. Bhattacharya, K. Wang, J. Penailillo, et al., “MUC1-C Regulates NEAT1 lncRNA Expression and Paraspeckle Formation in Cancer Progression,” Oncogene 43, no. 28 (2024): 2199–2214.

[67] K. Wang, A. Bhattacharya, N. Haratake, et al., “XIST and MUC1-C Form an Auto-regulatory Pathway in Driving Cancer Progression,” Cell Death & Disease 15, no. 5 (2024): 330.

[68] B. Stojanovic, I. Jovanovic, and M. Dimitrijevic Stojanovic, “Oxidative Stress-Driven Cellular Senescence: Mechanistic Crosstalk and Therapeutic Horizons,” Antioxidants (Basel) 14, no. 8 (2025): 987.

[69] F. Ng Kee Kwong, A. G. Nicholson, C. L. Harrison, P. M. Hansbro, I. M. Adcock, and K. F. Chung, “Is Mitochondrial Dysfunction a Driving Mechanism Linking COPD to Nonsmall Cell Lung Carcinoma?,” European Respiratory Review 26, no. 146 (2017): 170040.

[70] N. A. Crossland, S. Beck, W. Y. Tan, et al., “Fecal Microbiota Transplanted From Old Mice Promotes More Colonic Inflammation, Proliferation, and Tumor Formation in Azoxymethane-Treated a/J Mice Than Microbiota Originating From Young Mice,” Gut Microbes 15, no. 2 (2023): 2288187.

[71] S. Duponchel, L. Monnier, J. Molle, et al., “Hepatitis C Virus Replication Requires Integrity of Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes,” JHEP Reports 5, no. 3 (2023): 100647.

[72] N. Goikoetxea-Usandizaga, M. Bravo, L. Egia-Mendikute, et al., “The Outcome of Boosting Mitochondrial Activity in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Is Organ-Dependent,” Hepatology 78, no. 3 (2023): 878–895.

[73] S. J. Patel and Z. J. Chen, “VDAC2 brake Release: Unleashing Inflammation via IFNγ,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 46, no. 8 (2025): 695–696.

[74] W. Xiong, B. Li, J. Pan, et al., “Mitochondrial Amount Determines Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Cardiomyocytes,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 12, no. 12 (2025): e2412017.

[75] M. Zhang, X. Lin, J. He, et al., “SENP1-Sirt3 Axis Regulates Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Activity to Confer Resistance Against Oxidative Damage in Lung Tissue,” Redox Biology 85 (2025): 103752.

[76] Z. Zhou, X. Jiang, L. Yi, et al., “Mitochondria Energy Metabolism Depression as Novel Adjuvant to Sensitize Radiotherapy and Inhibit Radiation Induced-Pulmonary Fibrosis,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 11, no. 26 (2024): e2401394.

[77] S. M. Samuel, E. Varghese, and D. Büsselberg, “Complexity of Insulin Resistance in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer,” Cancer Cell 43, no. 5 (2025): 797–802.

[78] Y. Lin, S. Pu, J. Wang, et al., “Pancreatic STAT5 Activation Promotes KrasG12D-Induced and Inflammation-Induced Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia and Pancreatic Cancer,” Gut 73, no. 11 (2024): 1831–1843.

[79] A. C. Luca, M. Kurnaeva, D. K. John, et al., “Loss of SPHK1 Fuels Inflammation to Drive KRAS-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma,” Cancer Letters 623 (2025): 217733.

[80] H. Zhang, B. Zhang, Y. Zhao, et al., “Oncometabolite 5-IP7 Inhibits Inositol 5-Phosphatase to License E-Cadherin Endocytosis,” Nature Chemical Biology (2025), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-025-02005-z.

[81] E. Vecchio, R. Gallo, S. Mimmi, et al., “FABP5 is a Key Player in Metabolic Modulation and NF-κB Dependent Inflammation Driving Pleural Mesothelioma,” Communications Biology 8, no. 1 (2025): 324.

[82] S. Di Russo, G. E. Borsatti, A. Bouzidi, et al., “NF-κB-Mediated Cytokine Secretion and Glutamate Metabolic Reprogramming Converge in Breast Cancer Brain Tropism,” Cancer Letters 630 (2025): 217907.

[83] L. Lu, Y. Li, H. Su, et al., “Huangqin Decoction Inhibits Colorectal Inflammatory Cancer Transformation by Improving Gut Microbiome-Mediated Metabolic Dysfunction,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 15, no. 5 (2025): 101138.

[84] A. P. Gobert, C. V. Hawkins, L. A. Snyder, et al., “Protective Role of Epithelial Deoxyhypusine Synthase in Colorectal Carcinogenesis Caused by Deletion of the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Gene,” Cancer Letters 633 (2025): 218002.

[85] A. A. C. Newman, J. G. Barcia Durán, R. Von Itter, et al., “Ischemic Injury Drives Nascent Tumor Growth via Accelerated Hematopoietic Aging,” JACC: CardioOncology 7, no. 5 (2025): 559–577.

[86] M. Kiss, L. Halasz, E. Hadadi, et al., “Epigenomic Preconditioning of Peripheral Monocytes Determines Their Transcriptional Response to the Tumor Microenvironment,” Genome Medicine 17, no. 1 (2025): 82.

[87] R. Arroyo Hornero, R. A. Maqueda-Alfaro, and M. A. Solís-Barbosa, “TNF and Type I Interferon Crosstalk Controls the Fate and Function of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells,” Nature Immunology 26, no. 9 (2025): 1540–1552.

[88] C. Liu, K. Wu, C. Li, et al., “SPP1+ Macrophages Promote Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Secreting TNF-α and IL-1β,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 43, no. 1 (2024): 332.

[89] G. Peng, X. Yang, J. He, et al., “SENP1-Sirt3 Axis Promotes Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Tumor-Associated Macrophages to Suppress Anti-Tumor Immunity,” Cancer Letters 623 (2025): 217728.

[90] H. Gao, Y. Yao, W. Li, et al., “Caspase-6/Gasdermin C-Mediated Tumor Cell Pyroptosis Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression Through CXCL2-Dependent Recruitment of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 12, no. 20 (2025): e2411375.

[91] X. Hou, Z. Zhang, W. Chen, et al., “Megasphaera elesdenii Dysregulates Colon Epithelial Homeostasis, Aggravates Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 12, no. 41 (2025): e05670.

[92] W. Yang, Z. Guo, H. Ju, et al., “IL-4-STAT6-Induced High Siglec-G/10 Expression Aggravates the Severe Immune Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Impedes the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma,” Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 13, no. 6 (2025): e011474.

[93] C. Faust Akl, B. M. Andersen, and Z. Li, “Glioblastoma-Instructed Astrocytes Suppress Tumour-Specific T Cell Immunity,” Nature 643, no. 8070 (2025): 219–229.

[94] B. Segura-Collar, L. Mondejar-Ruescas, D. Alcivar-López, et al., “Comprehensive Immune Ageing Reveals TREM2/TIM3 Myeloid Cells Drive Brain Immune Evasion,” EBioMedicine 118 (2025): 105833.

[95] P. Pereira, J. Panier, M. Nater, et al., “Inflammatory Cytokines Mediate the Induction of and Awakening From Metastatic Dormancy,” Cell Reports 44, no. 3 (2025): 115388.

[96] J. Rahman, J. A. Bibby, P. Singh, et al., “A CD4+ T Cell-Intrinsic Complement C5aR2-Prostacyclin-IL-1R2 Axis Orchestrates Th1 Cell Contraction,” Immunity 58, no. 6 (2025): 1438–1455.e10.

[97] M. W. LaFleur, L. E. Milling, P. Prathima, et al., “A STUB1-CHIC2 Complex Inhibits CD8+ T Cells to Restrain Tumor Immunity,” Nature Immunology 26, no. 9 (2025): 1476–1487.

[98] M. Birgersson, M. Holm, C. J. Gallardo-Dodd, et al., “Intestinal Estrogen Receptor Beta Modulates the Murine Colon Tumor Immune Microenvironment,” Cancer Letters 622 (2025): 217661.

[99] X. Ma, J. Chen, F. Wang, et al., “High Fructose Consumption Aggravates Inflammation by Promoting Effector T Cell Generation via Inducing Metabolic Reprogramming,” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 10, no. 1 (2025): 271.

[100] X. Wang, S.-H. Jiang, M. Ma, S. Cai, D. Song, and B. Han, “P2 Purinergic Receptors in Tumor Immunity,” Cancer Research 85, no. 20 (2025): 3826–3841.

[101] E. Zuljan, B. von der Emde, I. Piwonski, et al., “A Macrophage-Predominant Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Advanced Salivary Gland Cancer,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 5303.

[102] A. S. Yehezkel, E. Yehezkel, N. Abudi, and R. Abramovitch, “Steatohepatitis Alters Lymphocytes Cytotoxicity and Localization, Accelerating Colorectal Liver Metastases,” Neoplasia 69 (2025): 101222.

[103] M. Alexanian, A. Padmanabhan, T. Nishino, et al., “Chromatin Remodelling Drives Immune Cell-fibroblast Communication in Heart Failure,” Nature 635, no. 8038 (2024): 434–443.

[104] G. J. Jasso, A. Jaiswal, M. Varma, et al., “Colon Stroma Mediates an Inflammation-Driven Fibroblastic Response Controlling Matrix Remodeling and Healing,” PLOS Biology 20, no. 1 (2022): e3001532.

[105] L. Rubinstein-Achiasaf, D. Morein, H. Ben-Yaakov, et al., “Persistent Inflammatory Stimulation Drives the Conversion of MSCs to Inflammatory CAFs That Promote Pro-Metastatic Characteristics in Breast Cancer Cells,” Cancers (Basel) 13, no. 6 (2021): 1472.

[106] G. A. Soultoukis, M. Leer, R. Kehm, et al., “Pancreatic Stellate Cells Have Adipogenic and Fibrogenic Potentials but Only Show Increased Pro-Fibrogenic Propensity Upon Aging,” Redox Biology 86 (2025): 103791.

[107] Q. Cui, S. Li, X. Liu, et al., “MIF-ACKR3 Causes Irreversible Fat Loss by Impairing Adipogenesis in Cancer Cachexia,” Cell Metabolism 37, no. 4 (2025): 954–970.e8.

[108] F. Del Zompo, E. Crouchet, T. Ostyn, et al., “Claudin-1 Is a Mediator and Therapeutic Target in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis,” Journal of Hepatology 83, no. 6 (2025): 1305–1319.

[109] S.-H. Lee, E. W. Contreras Panta, and D. Gibbs, “Apposition of Fibroblasts With Metaplastic Gastric Cells Promotes Dysplastic Transition,” Gastroenterology 165, no. 2 (2023): 374–390.

[110] S. P. Singh, A. R. Dosch, S. Mehra, et al., “Tumor Cell-Intrinsic p38 MAPK Signaling Promotes IL1α-Mediated Stromal Inflammation and Therapeutic Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer,” Cancer Research 84, no. 8 (2024): 1320–1332.

[111] J. Tao, Y. Gu, Z. Zhang, et al., “CALB2 Drives Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis Through Inflammatory Reprogramming of the Tumor Microenvironment,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 43, no. 1 (2024): 277.

[112] J. G. Park, P. R. Roh, M. W. Kang, et al., “Intrahepatic IgA Complex Induces Polarization of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Matrix Phenotypes in the Tumor Microenvironment of HCC,” Hepatology 80, no. 5 (2024): 1074–1086.

[113] J. Datta, X. Dai, A. Bianchi, et al., “Combined MEK and STAT3 Inhibition Uncovers Stromal Plasticity by Enriching for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts With Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Like Features to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer,” Gastroenterology 163, no. 6 (2022): 1593–1612.

[114] Z. Gong, Q. Li, J. Shi, et al., “Lung Fibroblasts Facilitate Pre-Metastatic Niche Formation by Remodeling the Local Immune Microenvironment,” Immunity 55, no. 8 (2022): 1483–1500.e9.

[115] S. Tian, X. Zhou, L. Zheng, et al., “Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate Liver Fibrosis by Delivering USP10 to Reprogram Macrophage Phenotype,” Biomaterials Research 29 (2025): 0244.

[116] J. Zheng, C. Zhou, Z. Li, et al., “Alcaligenes faecalis Promotes Colitis to Colorectal Cancer Transition Through IgA+ B Cell Suppression and Vinculin Acetylation,” Gut Microbes 17, no. 1 (2025): 2473511.

[117] J. Jung, S. Zhu, A. Lalani, et al., “Commensal Bacteria Drive B-Cell Lymphomagenesis in the Setting of Innate Immunodeficiency,” Blood Cancer Discovery 6, no. 5 (2025): 505–525.

[118] Z. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Chen, et al., “Veillonella Intestinal Colonization Promotes C. difficile Infection in Crohn's Disease,” Cell Host & Microbe 33, no. 9 (2025): 1518–1534.e10.

[119] R. El Baba, S. Haidar Ahmad, and C. Vanhulle, “Formation of Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells and the Transformative Role of Human Cytomegalovirus IE1 Protein,” Cancer Letters 630 (2025): 217824.

[120] I. Choi, K.-A. Kim, S. C. Kim, et al., “Secretory IgA Dysfunction Underlies Poor Prognosis in Fusobacterium-Infected Colorectal Cancer,” Gut Microbes 17, no. 1 (2025): 2528428.

[121] G. Z. Ng, T. R. Menheniott, A. L. Every, et al., “The MUC1 Mucin Protects Against Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis in Mice by Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome,” Gut 65, no. 7 (2016): 1087–1099.

[122] V. Arrè, R. De Luca, S. Mrmić, et al., “Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Cancer: Viral and Bacterial Interplay,” Gut Microbes 17, no. 1 (2025): 2519703.

[123] M. Huang, D. Wang, J. Huang, et al., “Hepatitis B Virus Promotes Liver Cancer by Modulating the Immune Response to Environmental Carcinogens,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 5360.

[124] J. Wang, R. Wang, M. Wang, et al., “Cutting-Edge Therapy and Immune Escape Mechanisms in EBV-Associated Tumors,” Medicinal Research Reviews 45, no. 4 (2025): 1184–1210.

[125] E. Iguchi, A. Takai, N. Oe, et al., “Epithelial Regnase-1 Inhibits Colorectal Tumor Growth by Regulating IL-17 Signaling via Degradation of NFKBIZ mRNA,” PNAS 122, no. 23 (2025): e2500820122.

[126] X. Liu, Y. Li, C. Yuan, et al., “Sophocarpine Suppresses MAPK-Mediated Inflammation by Restoring Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer,” Phytomedicine 143 (2025): 156833.

[127] A. Nishida and A. Andoh, “The Role of Inflammation in Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis,” Cells 14, no. 7 (2025): 488.

[128] S. Liebner, R. M. Dijkhuizen, Y. Reiss, K. H. Plate, D. Agalliu, and G. Constantin, “Functional Morphology of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Health and Disease,” Acta Neuropathologica 135, no. 3 (2018): 311–336.

[129] K. J. O'Byrne, A. G. Dalgleish, M. J. Browning, W. P. Steward, and A. L. Harris, “The Relationship Between Angiogenesis and the Immune Response in Carcinogenesis and the Progression of Malignant Disease,” European Journal of Cancer 36, no. 2 (2000): 151–169.

[130] G. Zhou, M. Zhang, S. Zheng, et al., “Transglutaminase 2 Modulates Inflammatory Angiogenesis via Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Pathway in Inflammatory Bowel Disease,” Journal of Advanced Research (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.07.002. S2090-1232(25)00500-4.

[131] D. G. Argyris, D. P. Anastasiadou, P. S. Filippou, and G. S. Karagiannis, “An Emerging Paradigm of CXCL16 Involvement in Cancer Progression,” Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 84 (2025): 87–100.

[132] S. L. Ciummo, C. Sorrentino, C. Fieni, and E. Di Carlo, “Interleukin-30 Subverts Prostate Cancer-Endothelium Crosstalk by Fostering Angiogenesis and Activating Immunoregulatory and Oncogenic Signaling Pathways,” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 42, no. 1 (2023): 336.

[133] Y. Fu, B. Mackowiak, D. Feng, et al., “MicroRNA-223 Attenuates Hepatocarcinogenesis by Blocking Hypoxia-Driven Angiogenesis and Immunosuppression,” Gut 72, no. 10 (2023): 1942–1958.

[134] J. Zhu, W. Yang, J. Ma, et al., “Pericyte Signaling via Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Shapes the Vascular Niche and Microenvironment of Tumors,” EMBO Journal 43, no. 8 (2024): 1519–1544.

[135] C. C. Lefebvre, P. Giowachini, J. Derrien, et al., “MCL-1 as a Molecular Switch Between Myofibroblastic and Pro-Angiogenic Features of Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts,” Cell Death & Disease 16, no. 1 (2025): 603.

[136] T. J. Zech, A. Wolf, M. Hector, et al., “2-Desaza-Annomontine (C81) Impedes Angiogenesis Through Reduced VEGFR2 Expression Derived From Inhibition of CDC2-Like Kinases,” Angiogenesis 27, no. 2 (2024): 245–272.

[137] A. Chakraborty, S. Ghosh, M. P. Chakraborty, et al., “Inhibition of NF-κB-Mediated Proinflammatory Transcription by Ru(II) Complexes of Anti-Angiogenic Ligands in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 67, no. 7 (2024): 5902–5923.

[138] P. Nowak-Sliwinska, J. R. van Beijnum, C. J. Griffioen, et al., “Proinflammatory Activity of VEGF-Targeted Treatment Through Reversal of Tumor Endothelial Cell Anergy,” Angiogenesis 26, no. 2 (2023): 279–293.

[139] J. A. Caruso, X. Wang, L. M. Murrow, et al., “Loss of PPARγ Activity Characterizes Early Protumorigenic Stromal Reprogramming and Dictates the Therapeutic Window of Opportunity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120, no. 42 (2023): e2303774120.

[140] M. Delanne-Cuménal, M. Defaye, A. Delanne-Cuménal, et al., “Neuronal ALKAL2 and Its ALK Receptor Contribute to the Development of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer,” PNAS 122, no. 24 (2025): e2500632122.

[141] X. Chen, Y. Cao, Y. Zhao, et al., “Neurodegeneration of Local Sympathetic Inputs Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression,” Cancer Letters 625 (2025): 217817.

[142] L. D. Kaulen, M. Martinez-Lage, J. S. Abramson, et al., “Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcome of TIAN in CNS Lymphoma Treated With CD19-CAR T-Cell Therapy,” Blood 146, no. 16 (2025): 1902–1913.

[143] X. A. Zhu, S. Starosta, M. Ferrer, et al., “A Neuroimmune Circuit Mediates Cancer Cachexia-Associated Apathy,” Science 388, no. 6743 (2025): eadm8857.

[144] A. Garrett, N. Darzi, A. Deshmukh, et al., “Vagal Blockade of the Brain-Liver Axis Deters Cancer-Associated Cachexia,” Cell 188, no. 21 (2025): 6044–6063.e24.

[145] S. Sun, Y. Sun, J. Shen, et al., “CXCL13/CXCR5: A New Target for Pain Treatment,” International Journal of Surgery 111, no. 9 (2025): 6318–6329.

[146] M. T. Dillon, J. Guevara, K. Mohammed, et al., “Durable Responses to ATR Inhibition With Ceralasertib in Tumors With Genomic Defects and High Inflammation,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 134, no. 2 (2024): e175369.

[147] J.-P. Coppé, C. K. Patil, F. Rodier, et al., “Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor,” PLOS Biology 6, no. 12 (2008): 2853–2868.

[148] J. Ruan, A. Moskowitz, N. Mehta-Shah, et al., “Multicenter Phase 2 Study of Oral Azacitidine (CC-486) Plus CHOP as Initial Treatment for PTCL,” Blood 141, no. 18 (2023): 2194–2205.

[149] K. B. Yates, P. Tonnerre, G. E. Martin, et al., “Epigenetic Scars of CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion Persist After Cure of Chronic Infection in Humans,” Nature Immunology 22, no. 8 (2021): 1020–1029.

[150] D. Steffin, N. Ghatwai, A. Montalbano, et al., “Interleukin-15-Armoured GPC3 CAR T Cells for Patients With Solid Cancers,” Nature 637, no. 8047 (2025): 940–946.

[151] Y. Luo, B. Su, V. Hung, et al., “IL-1 Receptor Antagonism Reveals a Yin-Yang Relationship Between NFκB and Interferon Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia,” PNAS 121, no. 33 (2024): e2405644121.

[152] J. Wu, C. Shao, Y. Dong, et al., “Qu-Yu-Jie-Du Decoction Maintenance Therapy Improves Postoperative Survival in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Single-Center Randomized Trial With 36-Month Follow-Up,” Phytomedicine 146 (2025): 157143.

[153] J. Tintelnot, L. Paschold, and E. Goekkurt, “Inflammatory Stress Determines the Need for Chemotherapy in Patients With HER2-Positive Esophagogastric Adenocarcinoma Receiving Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy,” Cancer Immunology Research 13, no. 2 (2025): 200–209.

[154] B. J. A. Laird, R. Skipworth, P. D. Bonomi, et al., “Anamorelin Efficacy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Cachexia: Insights From ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2,” Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 16, no. 1 (2025): e13732.

[155] L. M. Braun, S. Giesler, G. Andrieux, et al., “Adiponectin Reduces Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Inflammation Without Blocking Anti-Tumor Immunity,” Cancer Cell 43, no. 2 (2025): 269–291.e19.

[156] N. M. LaMarche, S. Hegde, and M. D. Park, “An IL-4 Signalling Axis in Bone Marrow Drives Pro-Tumorigenic Myelopoiesis,” Nature 625, no. 7993 (2024): 166–174.

[157] C. Nan, X. Zhang, and W. Huang, “Effects of Carrimycin on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Immune Function in Tumor Patients With Sepsis: A Multicenter Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial,” Pharmacological Research 198 (2023): 106991.

[158] D. A. Fennell, K. Hill, M. Zhang, et al., “Constitutive Inflammation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Dictate Sensitivity to Nivolumab in CONFIRM: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomised Phase III Trial,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 6688.

[159] D. Mathew, M. E. Marmarelis, C. Foley, et al., “Combined JAK Inhibition and PD-1 Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients,” Science 384, no. 6702 (2024): eadf1329.

[160] A. V. Hirayama, E. L. Kimble, J. H. Wright, et al., “Timing of Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Initiation Affects Efficacy/Toxicity of CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Large B-Cell Lymphoma,” Blood Advances 8, no. 2 (2024): 453–467.

[161] D. Marin, Y. Li, R. Basar, et al., “Safety, Efficacy and Determinants of Response of Allogeneic CD19-Specific CAR-NK Cells in CD19+ B Cell Tumors: A Phase 1/2 Trial,” Nature Medicine 30, no. 3 (2024): 772–784.

[162] C. Stene, J. Xu, S. Fallone de Andrade, et al., “Synbiotics Protected Radiation-Induced Tissue Damage in Rectal Cancer Patients: A Controlled Trial,” Clinical Nutrition 49 (2025): 33–41.

[163] S. Pietrobono, F. Sabbadini, M. Bertolini, et al., “Autotaxin Secretion Is a Stromal Mechanism of Adaptive Resistance to TGFβ Inhibition in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma,” Cancer Research 84, no. 1 (2024): 118–132.

[164] X. Zhang, E. Irajizad, K. L. Hoffman, et al., “Modulating a Prebiotic Food Source Influences Inflammation and Immune-Regulating Gut Microbes and Metabolites: Insights From the BE GONE Trial,” EBioMedicine 98 (2023): 104873.

[165] M. Zhang, A. Bzura, E. Y. Baitei, et al., “A Gut Microbiota Rheostat Forecasts Responsiveness to PD-L1 and VEGF Blockade in Mesothelioma,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 7187.

[166] J. J. Y. Sung, O. O. Coker, E. Chu, et al., “Gastric Microbes Associated With Gastric Inflammation, Atrophy and Intestinal Metaplasia 1 Year After Helicobacter pylori Eradication,” Gut 69, no. 9 (2020): 1572–1580.

[167] B. Overmoyer, P. Fu, C. Hoppel, et al., “Inflammatory Breast Cancer as a Model Disease to Study Tumor Angiogenesis: Results of a Phase IB Trial of Combination SU5416 and Doxorubicin,” Clinical Cancer Research 13, no. 19 (2007): 5862–5868.

[168] F. S. Hodi, D. Lawrence, C. Lezcano, et al., “Bevacizumab Plus Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma,” Cancer Immunology Research 2, no. 7 (2014): 632–642.

[169] E. K. Mai, H. Goldschmid, K. Miah, et al., “Elotuzumab, Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, Dexamethasone, and Autologous Haematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (GMMG-HD6): Results From a Randomised, Phase 3 Trial,” Lancet Haematology 11, no. 2 (2024): e101–e113.

[170] F. Y. Lin, A. Stuckert, C. Tat, et al., “Phase I Trial of GD2.CART Cells Augmented With Constitutive Interleukin-7 Receptor for Treatment of High-Grade Pediatric CNS Tumors,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 23 (2024): 2769–2779.

[171] M. J. Frigault, N. Yao, T. R. Berger, et al., “Single-Cell Dynamics of Breakthrough Toxicities After Anakinra Prophylaxis for Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in Lymphoma,” Blood Advances 9, no. 9 (2025): 2122–2135.

[172] M. Boukovala, D. P. Modest, I. Ricard, et al., “Evaluation of the Inflammation-Based Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving First-Line Chemotherapy: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized Phase III XELAVIRI Trial (AIO KRK0110),” ESMO Open 9, no. 5 (2024): 103374.

[173] A. Masson-Lecomte, M. Rava, F. X. Real, A. Hartmann, Y. Allory, and N. Malats, “Inflammatory Biomarkers and Bladder Cancer Prognosis: A Systematic Review,” European Urology 66, no. 6 (2014): 1078–1091.

[174] N. Caronni, F. La Terza, and F. M. Vittoria, “IL-1β+ Macrophages Fuel Pathogenic Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer,” Nature 623, no. 7986 (2023): 415–422.

[175] I. Dolgalev, H. Zhou, N. Murrell, et al., “Inflammation in the Tumor-Adjacent Lung as a Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Lung Adenocarcinoma,” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 6764.

[176] M. Zhou, Q. Gu, M. Zhou, et al., “Extensive Study on the Associations of 12 Composite Inflammatory Indices With Colorectal Cancer Risk and Mortality a Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES 2001–2020,” International Journal of Surgery 111, no. 11 (2025): 7559–7575.

[177] S. Sharma, X. Wen, J. Wang, et al., “Preclinical Fluorescence-Guided Imaging Leveraging Surrounding Sentinel Tumor Microenvironment Identifies High-Risk Premalignant Pancreatic Lesions,” Clinical Cancer Research 31, no. 21 (2025): 4475–4484.

[178] T. Rubio-Tomás, D. Martí-Aguado, and D. Blaya, “GDF15 Is Associated With Hepatocellular Senescence and Correlates With Mortality in Patients With Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis,” JHEP Reports 7, no. 9 (2025): 101478.

[179] L. Paschold, C. Schultheiss, P. Schmidt-Barbo, et al., “Inflammation and Limited Adaptive Immunity Predict Worse Outcomes on Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer,” NPJ Precision Oncology 9, no. 1 (2025): 272.

[180] W. Du, J. Zhan, K. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, and S. Hong, “Early Kinetics of Serum Amyloid A Predict Clinical Benefit to First-Line Chemoimmunotherapy and Immunotherapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis,” Biomarker Research 13, no. 1 (2025): 76.

[181] S. S. Raj, T. Fei, S. Fried, et al., “An Inflammatory Biomarker Signature of Response to CAR-T Cell Therapy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma,” Nature Medicine 31, no. 4 (2025): 1183–1194.

[182] H. Chen, Z. Wang, C. Sun, et al., “MALMPS: A Machine Learning-Based Metabolic Gene Prognostic Signature for Stratifying Clinical Outcomes and Molecular Heterogeneity in Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer,” Advanced Science (Weinh) 12, no. 37 (2025): e01333.

[183] P. Born, D. Fandrei, S. Y. Wang, et al., “Prognostic Significance of PET/CT for CAR T Cell Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma,” Hemasphere 9, no. 6 (2025): e70159.

[184] J. Renard, J.-P. Durand, and S. De Percin, “Early Nutritional and Inflammation Assessment Predicts Prognosis in Patients With Cancer Across Tumor Origin and Metastatic Status,” Clinical Nutrition 52 (2025): 313–322.

[185] C. Zhao, X. Hu, X. Guan, et al., “Molecular Landscape, Subtypes, and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumors,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 7870.

[186] N. Rembiałkowska, Z. Kocik, A. Kłosińska, et al., “Inflammation-Driven Genomic Instability: A Pathway to Cancer Development and Therapy Resistance,” Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 18, no. 9 (2025): 1406.

[187] A. Prawira, H. Xu, Y. Mei, et al., “Targeting Treg-Fibroblast Interaction to Enhance Immunotherapy in Steatotic Liver Disease-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” Gut 75, no. 1 (2025): 105–118.

[188] L. A. Ridnour, R. Y. Cheng, W. F. Heinz, et al., “Elevated Tumor NOS2/COX2 Promotes Immunosuppressive Phenotypes Associated With Poor Survival in ER-Breast Cancer,” JCI Insight 10, no. 16 (2025): e193091.

[189] J. Chen, L. Gong, S. Cao, et al., “PTEN Restoration and CXCR2 Depletion Synergistically Enhance the Effect of Enzalutamide and Inhibit Bone Metastatic CRPC,” Theranostics 15, no. 16 (2025): 8488–8508.

[190] H. Garner, M. Martinovic, N. Q. Liu, et al., “Understanding and Reversing Mammary Tumor-Driven Reprogramming of Myelopoiesis to Reduce Metastatic Spread,” Cancer Cell 43, no. 7 (2025): 1279–1295.e9.

[191] Ö. Aktay-Cetin, S. S. Pullamsetti, S. Herold, and R. Savai, “Lung Tumor Immunity: Redirecting Macrophages Through Infection-Induced Inflammation,” Trends in Immunology 46, no. 6 (2025): 471–484.

[192] J. J. Ahn, S. Dudics, D. P. Langan, et al., “Coupling IL-2 With IL-10 to Mitigate Toxicity and Enhance Antitumor Immunity,” Cell Reports Medicine 6, no. 8 (2025): 102257.

[193] A. L. B. Seynhaeve, H. Liu, M. I. Priester, et al., “CXCL10 Secreted by Pericytes Mediates TNFα-Induced Vascular Leakage in Tumors and Enhances Extravasation of Nanoparticle-Based Chemotherapeutics,” Cancer Research 85, no. 9 (2025): 1596–1610.

[194] Y. Xie, Y. Nakano, P. Tummala, et al., “Development of Potent Glutathione Transferase Omega-1 Inhibitors With Applications in Inflammation and Cancer Therapy,” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 299 (2025): 118072.

[195] Z. Lai, Y. Zhang, W. Huang, et al., “Brusatol Ameliorates Irinotecan-Induced Delayed Diarrhea via Inhibition of the cGAS-STING Pathway and Modulation of Intestinal Flora,” Phytomedicine 145 (2025): 157071.

[196] M. K. Gupta and R. Vadde, “TLR-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 85 (2025): 179–189.

[197] Y. Wu, Q. Tao, J. Xie, et al., “Indole-3-Carbinol Inhibits PD-L1-Mediated Immune Evasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Suppressing NF-κB p105 Ubiquitination,” Phytomedicine 141 (2025): 156692.

[198] C. Schwarzenbach, J. Rinke, J. B. Vilar, et al., “Therapy-Induced Senescence of Glioblastoma Cells Is Determined by the p21CIP1-CDK1/2 Axis and Does Not Require Activation of DREAM,” Cell Death & Disease 16, no. 1 (2025): 357.

[199] J. Heath, R. Ahn, V. Sabourin, et al., “Complex I Inhibition Combined With TLR Activation in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment Educates Cytotoxic Neutrophils,” Science Advances 11, no. 28 (2025): eadu5915.

[200] M. M. Wattenberg and G. L. Beatty, “Overcoming Immunotherapeutic Resistance by Targeting the Cancer Inflammation Cycle,” Seminars in Cancer Biology 65 (2020): 38–50.

[201] D. S. Lefler, S. A. Manobianco, and B. Bashir, “Immunotherapy Resistance in Solid Tumors: Mechanisms and Potential Solutions,” Cancer Biology & Therapy 25, no. 1 (2024): 2315655.

[202] Y. Huang, Z. Lu, H. Liu, et al., “Human Serum Albumin-Based KBiF4@HSA Nanoclusters for Dual-Energy Computed Tomography and Glutathione-Scavenging Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer,” Journal of Nanobiotechnology 23, no. 1 (2025): 451.

[203] B. C. Quartey, J. Sapudom, P. S. Tipay, et al., “Hydrogel-Based Tumor Tissue Microarchitecture Reshapes Dendritic Cell Metabolic Profile and Functions,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 14, no. 12 (2025): e2500681.

[204] M. Wang, H. Yi, Q. Zheng, et al., “Carminic Acid/Ferric Ion Self Assembled Multienzyme Mimetic Nanodrug With Concurrent Photothermal/Anti-Inflammatory Activity to Prevent Breast Cancer Metastasis,” Materials Today Bio 33 (2025): 102028.

[205] J. Shao, B. Ding, H. Chen, et al., “Sub-1 Nm CuO-Phosphomolybdic Acid Nanosheets for Ultrasound-Controlled Pyroptosis Activation and Tumor Immunotherapy,” Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English) 64, no. 36 (2025): e202508544.

[206] Y. T. Goo, V. Grigoriev, T. Korzun, et al., “Blood-Brain Barrier-Penetrating Nanocarriers Enable Microglial-Specific Drug Delivery in Hypothalamic Neuroinflammation,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 14, no. 13 (2025): e2500521.

[207] H. Huang, N. Li, L. Zeng, et al., “Smart Biomimetic , “Nano-Med-Fireman” Blocking Inflammation and Lactate Metabolism Crosstalk for Normalized Spatiotemporal Photo-Immunotherapy,” Bioactive Materials 51 (2025): 431–449.

[208] Z. Xiao, J. Wang, and S. He, “Engineered T Cells Stimulate Dendritic Cell Recruitment and Antigen Spreading for Potent Anti-Tumor Immunity,” Cell Reports Medicine 6, no. 9 (2025): 102307.

[209] I. Cernauskiene, C. D. Navo, C. Labão-Almeida, et al., “Organic Carbon Monoxide Prodrugs Activated by Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species for Targeted Delivery,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 147, no. 28 (2025): 24691–24698.

[210] F. A. Gayer, A. Fichtner, T. J. Legler, and H. M. Reichardt, “A Coculture Model Mimicking the Tumor Microenvironment Unveils Mutual Interactions Between Immune Cell Subtypes and the Human Seminoma Cell Line TCam-2,” Cells 11, no. 5 (2022): 885.

[211] T. Jia, Y. Guo, X. M. Cheng, et al., “Multi-Omics Profiling Identifies TNFRSF18 as a Novel Marker of Exhausted CD8⁺ T Cells and Reveals Tumour-Immune Dynamics in Colorectal Cancer,” Clinical and Translational Medicine 15, no. 8 (2025): e70425.

[212] L. Qin, “The Predictive Value of NLR, PLR and MLR in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign Uterine Diseases and Endometrial Malignant Tumors,” Discover Oncology 15, no. 1 (2024): 91.

[213] W. Zeng, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, et al., “Chemical Affinity Capture of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Enables Efficient and Large-Scale Proteomic Identification of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers,” ACS Nano 19, no. 16 (2025): 15896–15911.

[214] F. Fan, J. Wang, and K. Liu, “Mast Cells Boost Anti-Tumor Potency of MAIT Cells via Inflammasome-Dependent Secretion of IL-18,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 6074.

[215] A. Mlynska, N. Dobrovolskiene, K. Suveizde, et al., “Exercise-Induced Extracellular Vesicles Delay Tumor Development by Igniting Inflammation in an Immunologically Cold Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Mouse Model,” Journal of Sport and Health Science 14 (2025): 101041.

[216] M. C. Lira, C. Vanpouille-Box, and M. De Martino, “Harnessing FLASH Irradiation to Improve Immunotherapy of Medulloblastoma,” Trends in Cancer 11, no. 5 (2025): 421–423.

[217] B. R. Kimmel, K. Arora, N. C. Chada, et al., “Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapies With Modular Albumin-Hitchhiking Nanobody-STING Agonist Conjugates,” Nature Biomedical Engineering 9, no. 10 (2025): 1719–1739.

[218] R. Forey, C. Raclot, C. Pulver, et al., “Cancer Cells Subvert the Primate-Specific KRAB Zinc Finger Protein ZNF93 to Control APOBEC3B,” PNAS 122, no. 34 (2025): e2505021122.

[219] Y. Wang, V. V. Eapen, Y. Liang, et al., “WSTF Nuclear Autophagy Regulates Chronic but Not Acute Inflammation,” Nature 644, no. 8077 (2025): 780–789.

[220] G. Osborn, J. López-Abente, R. Adams, et al., “Hyperinflammatory Repolarisation of Ovarian Cancer Patient Macrophages by Anti-Tumour IgE Antibody, MOv18, Restricts an Immunosuppressive Macrophage:Treg Cell Interaction,” Nature Communications 16, no. 1 (2025): 2903.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2026 The Author(s). MedComm published by Sichuan International Medical Exchange & Promotion Association (SCIMEA) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.